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Forty-Third Annual Report

OF THE

Entomological Society

OF ONTARIO

1912

(PUBLISHED BY THE ONTARIO DEPARTMEN^T OF AGRICTJLTURE, TORONTOj)

PRINTED BY ORDER OF

THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO

TORONTO :
Printed by L. K. CAMERON, Printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty

1913

Forty-Third Annual Report

OF THE

Entomological Society

OF ONTARIO

1913

(PUBLISHED BY THE ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TORONTO)

PRINTED BY ORDER OF
THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO

TORONTO :
Printed by L. K. CAMERON, Printer to theKing's'Most Excellent Majesty

19 13

Printed by

WILLIAM BRIGGS

29-37 Richmond Street West

TORONTO

To His Uonouk Col, Sik John Mohiso.n Ginsox, K.C.M.G., etc., etc., etc.,
Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Ontario.

May it Please Your Honour:

The undersigned begs to present herewith, for the consideration of your
Flonour, the Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario for 1918.

Respectfully suljinitted,

JAMES S. DUFF,

Minister of Agriculture.
Toronto. 1913.

[3]

CONTEN TS.

PAGE

Letter of Transmission 5

Officers for 1912-1913 7

Financial Statement 7

List of Canadian Members 8

Annual Meeting H

Reports on Insects for the Year: Division No. 1, Arthur Gibson 11

Division No. 3, A. Cosens 17

Report of the Council 20

" " Montreal Branch 22

" " Toronto Branch 23

British Columbia Branch 24

" " Curator 25

" " Librarian 25

Delegate to Royal Society of Canada 25

Annual Address of President — Faunal Zones of Canada: E. M. Walker 26

Review of Entomology relating to Canada: C. Gordon Hewitt 34

Teaching of Entomology in Agricultural Colleges: Wm. Lochhead 38

Rise in Public Estimation of Entomology: Thomas W. Fyles 40

The Chinch Bug in Ontario : H. F. Hudson 46

Bumble Bees and Their Ways: F. W. L. Sladen 50

Progress of Insect Enemies of the Brown-tail Moth: J. D. Tothill 57

San Jose Scale in Nova Scotia: G. B. Sanders 61

Recent Work on Apple Maggot in Ontario: W. A. Ross 67

Insects of Quebec for 1912 : J. E. Petch 72

Insects of the Season in Ontario: L. Caesar 75

An Invasion of Cotton Moths : Wm. Saunders 84

Injurious Insects of Quebec, 1912: Wm. Lochhead 85

Notes on some Forest Insects of 1912: J. M. Swaine 87

Aquatic Insects : R. Matheson 92

Insect Pests of Southern Manitoba: N. Criddle 97

Some new or unrecorded Ontario Insect Pests: L. Caesar 100

Notes on Injurious Insects in British Columbia, 1912: R. C. Treherne 106

Arsenate of Zinc as a substitute for Arsenate of Lead : L. Caesar Ill

Entomological Record 113

Index 141

FORTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

Entomological Society of Ontario

1912

To tlte Honourahic James S. Duff, Mitmter of AgricuUvre.

SiR^ — 1 have the honour io present herewitli the Forty-third Annual Eeport of
the Entomological Society of Ontario.

The Forty-ninth Annual Meeting of the Society was held at Ottawa on the
19th and ?Oth of Novemljer, 1912, and was marked by the unusual variety of sub-
jects discussed and the large number of members who contributed addresses and
papers. These, together with the reports of the various officers and branches of
the society, are given in full in the following pages.

The " Caiiadian Entomologist," the society's monthly magazine, has been
regularly issued during the past year, and has now completed its forty-fourth
volume. It continues to maintain the wide circulation and scientific value which
have characterized its reputation in the past.

I have the honour to be, Sir,

Your obedient servant,

EDMUND M. WALKER,

Editor.
Biological Department,

Universitv of Toronto.

[5]

Entomological Society of Ontario

OFFICERS FOR 1912-1913

President — Rev. C. J. S. BethuiNJE, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S.C, Professor of Entomology
and Zoology, O. A. College, Guelph.

Vice-President — Dr. C. Gokdox Hewitt. Dominion Entomologist, Central Experimental
Farm, Ottawa.

Secretary-Treasurer — Mr. A. W. Baker, B.S.A., Demonstrator in Entomology, O. A.
College, Guelph.

Curator — Mr. G. J. Spencer, Assistant in Entomology, O. A. College, Guelph.

Directors — Division No. 1, Mr. Arthur Gibson. Division of Entomology, Central
Experimental Farm, Ottawa; Division No. 2, Mr. C. E. Grant, Orillia; Division No. 3,
Mr. a. Cosens, Parkdale Collegiate Institute, Toronto; Division No. 4, Mr. C. W. Nash,
East Toronto; Division No. 5, Mr. F. J. A. Morris, Port Hope; Division No. 6, Mr. R. S.
Hamilton, Collegiate Institute, Gait; Division No. 7, Mr. W. A. Ross, Jordan Harbour.

Directors (Ex-Presidents of the Society) — Professor W^r. Saunders, C.M.G., LL.D.,
F.R.S.C, F.L.iS., late Director of the Experimental Farms of the Dominion of Canada,
Ottawa; Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S.C, Guelph; W. Hague Harrington.
F.R.S.C, Ottawa; Professor John Dearness, Vice-Principal Normal School, London;
Henry H. Lyman, M.A., F.E.S., F.R.G.S., Montreal; Rev. Thomas W. Fyles. D.C.L.,
F.L.S., Ottawa; Professor Wm. Lochhead, B.A., M.S., Macdonald College, Que.;
John D. Evans. C.E., Chief Engineer, Central Ontario Railway, Trenton; Professor
Tennyson D. Jarvis, B.S.A., Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph; E. M. Walker.
B.A., M.B., University of Toronto.

Editor of " The Canadian Entomologist " — Dr. B. M. Walker. Toronto.

Delegate to the Royal Society — Mb. A. F. Winn, Montreal.

Auditors — Messrs. J. B. PIowitt, M.S. A., and L. Caesar, B.A., B.S.A., O. A. College,
Guelph.

FINANCIAL STATEMENT

For the year ending October. 1912

Receipts.

Balance from 1911 $ 826 20

Members' fees

Advertising

Government grant

Sale of reports and back num-
bers

Sale of cork and pins ....
Bank interest

$2,467 97

357

51

30

75

1,000

00

109

34

120

30

23

87

Expenditures.

Printing $1,114 81

Cork and pins

Expense

Salaries

Library

Annual Meeting

Annual Report

Insurance

Bank exchange

Balance on hand

113

59

70

67

200

00

121

35

24

40

90

95

26

00

7

32

698

88

$2,467 97

A ^t^ f J- B- HOWITT.

Auditors. -J T /•>

\ L. Caesar.

(Signed) A. W. Baker.

Treasurer.

[fil

DR. E. M. WALKER.

President of the Entomological Society

of Ontario, 1911-1912.

LIST OF CANADIAN MEMBERS

Ontario.

Abbott, Dr. A. R Toronto.

Astwood, J. C Port Arthur.

Auden, K. F Toronto.

Baker, A. W Guelph.

Beck, H. P London.

Betliune, Prof Guelph.

Beaulieu, Germain Ottawa.

Brimley, J. F Hillier.

Calvert, E. N Guelph.

Calvert, J. F London.

Caesar, L Guelph.

Clemens, W. A Toronto.

Craigie, L. H

Cosens, A

Dearness, J London.

Doherty, T. K Ottawa.

Duncan, R. S Port Hope.

Dunlop, James Woodstock.

Evans, J. D Trenton.

Fyles, Rev. Dr Ottawa.

Germain, Bro "

Gibson, Arthur "

Grant, C. E Orillia.

Hahn, Paul Toronto.

Haight, D. H Sudbury.

Harkness, D Jordan Harbor.

Harrington, W. H Ottawa.

Hewitt, Dr. C. G

Howitt, Prof. J. E Guelph.

Hudson, H. F Ottawa.

Inglis, John Hamilton.

Jackson, V Toronto.

Kilman, A. H Ridgeway.

Laing, J Toronto.

Morden, A I^ondon.

McCready, S. B Guelph.

Nash, C. W Toronto.

Noble, J. W. Guelph.

Patterson, A. M Toronto.

Petch, C. E Ottawa.

Ross, W. A Jordan Harbor.

Sanders, G. E Ottawa.

Saunders, Dr. Wm London.

Saxby, W Toronto.

Sladen, F. W. L Ottawa.

Smith, A Toronto.

Snazelle, Chas "

Spencer, G Guelph.

Tanner, Harold Stratford.

Thompson, W. R London.

Tomlinson, Robert Toronto.

Tothill, J. D Ottawa.

Walker, Dr. E. M Toronto.

Watson, Dr. A. H. R Port Hope.

Washington, L. P Hamilton.

White, James Snelgrove.

Williams, J. B Toronto.

Wood, S. F

Wright, W. H Guelph.

Quebec.

Agricultural Editor, Week-
ly Witness Montreal.

Barwick, E. C

Brainerd, Dwight "

Burgess, T. J. W

Chagnon, G "

Clayson, G. H

Dunlop, G. C "

Earby, A "

Greene, L. R "

Hedge, Miss L Levis.

Huard, Rev. V. A Quebec.

Lochhead, Prof. Macdonald College

Lyman, H. H Montreal.

Moore, G. A

Norris, A. E "

Southee, G. A *•

Sunderland, H

Tourchot, A. L St. Hyacinthe.

Winn, A. F Montreal.

Alberta.

Baird, Thos High River.

Dod, F. H. Wolley Midnapore,

Kain, V. L Edmonton.

Moody, Miss West Calgary.

Manitoba.

Criddle, Norman Treesbank.

Heath, E. F Cartwright.

Hone, R Manitou.

Hunter, Dr. A. J Teulon.

Wallis, J. B Winnipeg.

Nova Scotia.

Matheson, Dr. R.. Truro.

MacKay, Dr. A. H Halifax.

Payne, H. G. Granville Ferry.

New Brunswick.

Vroom, J St. Stephen.

Sa.sk ATCHEWAN.

Androchowicz, E Humboldt.

Neville, S. J Cottonwood.

Willing, Prof. T. N Saskatoon.

British Columbia.

Abbs, A. W Vancouver.

Abbott, R. C Mission City.

Abriel, T Nakusp.

Anderson, E. M Victoria.

Anderson, J. R "

[9]

10

THE EEPOliT OF TPIE

No. 36

British Columbia. — Continued. Reed, E. Baynes Victoria.

Reeves, S. H Duncans.

Bain, T. H North Vancouver. j^o^gj-tgo^^ ^_ ^^ Victoria.

Barnhill, E Kelowna.

Bird, M Vancouver.

Blackmere, C Victoria.

Boncquet, A Vancouver.

Brand, Jas

Brealey, A Hatzic.

Brittain, W. H Vernon.

Bryant, T Ladysmith.

Brydon, J Victoria.

Bush, A. H Vancouver.

Canningham, T "

Cliapman, C "

Collins, H Grand Forks.

Clark, R Vancouver.

Cockle, J Kaslo.

Croker, A Victoria.

Crease, H Kelowna.

Ross, A. H Nelson.

Rowland, A Vancouver.

Ruhman, M Vernon.

Russell, M. W Kelowna.

Scott, W. E Victoria.

Sherman, R. S Vancouver.

Simons, A. E "

Simms, A. C Summerland.

Skinner, E. M Victoria.

Stanton, T. H Duncans.

Taylor, L. B. * Kelowna.

Thomson, C W. Summerland.

Treherne, R. C Vancouver.

Venables, E. P Vernon.

De Verteuil, Dr Vancouver.

Wallace, E. A Victoria.

Walkerson, G. B

Day, G. O Vancouver Island. wilson, R. M Vancouver.

Davidson, T Vancouver. Winslow, R. M Victoria.

Davidson, J " White, E. A Sardis.

Garraway, H. L Vernon. Woods, Mrs. E. A Grand Prairie.

Gavet, D Vancouver.

Getchell, P. H

Hadwen, Dr. S Mount Lehman

HoxoRARY Members.

Hanham, A. W Duncan's Station.Cockerell, Prof. T. D. A. . . Boulder, Col

Harvey, R. V Victoria.

Hill-Tout, W. S Abbotsford.

Hoy, B Vernon.

Hunt, E. C Creator.

James, P. T Victoria.

Kendall, J. N Vancouver.

Kennedy, A. B "

Lang, W. A Peachland.

Lyne, W. H Vancouver.

Marmont, L. E Fraser Mills.

Marriott, E. G Cranbrook.

Meugens, Mr Kelowna.

Middleton, M Nelson.

Nicolle, W

Norman, P. Victoria.

Palmer, R. M Kamloops.

Patch, A. M Vancouver.

Peters, R Victoria.

Pooley, W. R Kelowna.

McHardy, C. P Nelson.

Comstock, Prof. J. H Ithaca, N.Y.

Cresson, Ezra T Philadelphia, Pa.

Felt, Dr. E. P Albany, N.Y.

Howard, Dr. L. Washington, D.C.

Uhler, P. R Baltimore, M.D.

Webster, Prof. P. M Washington, D.C.

Wickham, Prof. H. P Iowa City, Iowa.

Life Members.

Saunders, Dr. William . . . Ottawa.
Late Director of the Ex-
perimental Farms of the
Dominion.

Bethune, Rev. C. J. S Guelph.

Professor of Entomology,
Ontario Agricultural Col-
lege.

Reed, E. Baynes Victoria, B.C.

Director of the Meteoro-
logical Station.

The Entomological Society of Ontario

ANNUAL MEETING

The Forty-ninth Annual ]\Ieeting of the Society was held at Ottawa on Tues-
day and Wednesday, November 19th and 20th, 1912.

Dr. E. M. Walker, President of the Society, occupied the chair during the
day meetings, which were held in the Lecture Boom of the Carnegie Library, and
at the Evening Session in the Assemlily Hall of the Xormal School, the meeting
was i^resided over by the Hon. Martin Burrell, Minister of Agriculture.

Among those present were: Ifev. T. ^\. Eyles, Ottawa; j\Ir. W. H. Harring-
ton, Ottawa; Mr. H. H. Lyman, Montreal: Mr. J. D. Evans, Trenton; Dr. C. (t.
Hewitt, Ottawa; Mr. Arthur Gibson, Ottawa; Prof. L. Caesar, Guelph; Mr. J.
M. Swaine, Ottawa; Mr. A. G. Turney, Fredericton, N.B.; Mr. A. W. Baker,
Guelph; Mr. A. F. Winn, Montreal: Mr. F. W. L. Sladen, Ottawa; Prof. J. E.
Howitt, Guelph; Mr. J. A. Giiignard, Ottawa; Dr. R. Matheson, Truro, N".S. ;
Prof. W. Lochhead, ^facdonald College, Que.; Eev. Bro. Germain, Ottawa; Rev.
J. B. Mignault, St. Therese, Que.; Mr. J. I. Beaulne, Ottawa: Rev. Father Mar-
eotte, Sherbrooke, Que., and Messrs. J. D. Tothill. G. Beaulieu, G. E. Sanders. H.
F Hudson, C. E. Petch, field officers of the Division of Entomology.

In addition to the above, man}' members of the Ottawa Field-N"aturalists'
Club attended the various sessions, particularly the evening meeting. Letters ex-
jnessing regret at their inabilitv to attend were received from: Rev. Prof. Bethiine,
Guelph; Dr. Wm. Saunders, London; Dr. E. P. Felt, Albany, l^.Y.: Prof. C. C.
James, Toronto; Rev. J. A. Jean, Montreal: Mr. H. G. Payne. Granville Ferry,
N'.S., and Mr. G. Chagnon, :Montreal.

On Tuesday morning the members met at the Experimental Farm, where a
pleasant hour was spent in looking over the specimens exhibited by those present
and in examining the fine collections belonging to the Division. At eleven o'clock
a meeting of the Council took place, at which the report of the proceedings of the
society during the past year was drawn up and various questions of interest to
its members were discussed. In view of the fact that next year will mark the event
of the society's fiftieth annual meeting, it was decided that a jubilee meeting be
held in honour of the occasion, to which delegates from other societies be invited,
and that this meeting be held at Gnelph about the beginning of September, the
exact date to he decided upon later.

TTie afternoon meeting was held in the Carnegie Library, the proceedings
commencing at 3 o'clock with the reading of the reports of the directors on the
insects of the year in their respective districts.

REPORTS ON" INSECTS FOR THE YEAR.

Division Xo. 1. Ottawa Distkict — Arthur Gibsox. Central Experimental

Farm, Ottawa.

The season of 1912 in the Ottawa District was a most remarkable one. With
the exception of the first half of the month of July, tlie weather was exceptionally
cool with continual falls of rain. The following notes on the prevalence of
injurious insects in the district are presented : —

rill

12

THE l^EPORT OF THE

No. 36

Insects Attacking Field Crops.

Cutworms. In light soils cutworms were fairly abundant, and in the earlier
part of the season did considerable damage in some fields. Young turnips, beets,
radishes and newly set-out cabbages and cauliflowers were attacked by the Eed-
backed Cutworm (Euxoa oclirogaster) and the Dark-sided Cutv/orm {Euxoa mes-
soiia), the two common cutworms of the district.

Fig. 1. — Dark-sided Cutworm.

EooT Maggots. These insects were not so abundant in 1912 as they were the
year previous. They were, however, present in sufficient numhers to destroy many
radishes, cabbages, cauliflowers, and, in some flekls onions. In one of our fields of
turnips on the Farm, 16 per cent, of the plants were attacked by the Radish Mag-
got. The most interesting outbreak of rooi maggots was that of the Corn-seed
Maggot, which did conspicuous injury to seed corn, not only in the Ottawa dis-
trict, but also at several points in eastern Ontario. The season was especially

Fig. 2. — The Seed-corn Maggot: a. ft, flies; d, maggot; h, puparium; all very
much enlarged. (After Chittenden, U. S. Dept. Agriculture.)

favourable for this insect, and many farmers thought that the cold, backward
spring was responsible for the seed failing to germinate. Unfortunately, our
knowledge of the life-history and habits of this insect is by no means complete, and
until we have further information it will be difficult to find successful control
measures. The remedy which we have suggested in the past is to sow seed corn
in good season in well prepared soil and not deeper than one or two inches.

White Grubs (Lachnosienia). Strawberries, potatoes and corn were the
crops chiefly damaged by White Grubs during the past season. In some fields of
corn, near Ottawa, these grubs were remai'kably abundant.

1913

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

13

Zebra Caterpillar (Mamestra picta). Swarms of these caterpillars were
found on cabbage leaves at Ottawa on the 18th September. At that time the larvse
were half an inch in length and were quickly devouring the leaves. There are
two broods of this insect every year. The winter is passed in the pupal state in
the ground and the moths wlien they emerge in May deposit clusters of eggs on the
leaves of low-growing weeds and other plants. I have found them on

Lamb's Quarters. The young caterpillars appear in about a week after the
eggs are laid and for a time they feed together, but as they reach maturity they
separate and feed singly. These caterpillars are full grown in midsummer. This
brood some years does serious damage to turnips, cabbages, peas, and clover. The
second brood of caterpillars appear in the latter part of August and specimens
may be seen as late as the end of October. In late autumn, at Ottawa, they are
commonly seen on asparagus plants.

Fig. 3. — Zebra Caterpillar and Math.

Flea-Beetles. The Turnip Flee-Beetle (Phijllotreta vittata) as usual ap-
peared in destructive numbers throughout the district. Another destructive flea-
beetle, viz., the Horse Eadish Flea-Beetle (Fhyllotrefa armoraciae) was added to our
local list of injurious insects. The first specimen observed was seen on radishes
in our experimental plots on 31st May. It is apparently established in the district,
as three specimens were captured by Mr. E. W. Calvert, at Ironside, Que., which
is close to Ottawa, on June 8.

Clover Eoot Borer (Hylastinus ohscurus). Is some fields of alfalfa this
borer was working freely, causing noticeable loss. In one field examined 31st
July two adult beetles were found in a root which had been tunnelled by the
larvae.

The Sleepy Weevil (OUorhi/nchus uvaius). In our experimental plots of
cauliflowers and cabbages the adults of this insect were present in small numbers.
In the case of cabbages they were found between the outer leaves of the head, and
111 cauliflowers they were concealed at or near the bases of the stalks of the head.
The finding of this v/eevil feeding on these plants is of interest. In the Insectory
I kept some of the weevils, for about a week, in shell vials, feeding them on
pieces of cauliflowers.

14

THE KEPUirr OF THE

No. 36

Insects Attacking Fruit Crops.

The x\ppLE Maggot (Rhagoletis poinonella) (Fig. 4). I regret to report
that on Aug. 1!», while examining Codling Moth injury in a small crab apple
orchard on the i)ut^;kirts of Ottawa, I saw within a few inches of the apple I had
hold of an adult of the Apple Maggot. It was resting on a leaf, and after examin-
ing it closely I attempted to catch it with my hand but failed. Several days pre-
vious to the above date Mr, E. W. Calvert, who was working temporarily in the
Division, reported to me that he had seen in the Arboretum of the Farm a fly which
he took to be that of the Apple Maggot. As yet no injury by the larvse of this fly
has been detected in Ottawa.

Fig. 4. — Fruit Injured by tlae Apple Maggot.

Orchardists in the district should watch closely for indications of the pre-
sence of this extremely destructive insect, and, if found, report any occurrence at
once to the Division of Entomology, Central Experimental Farm.

Fig. 5. — American Tent Caterpillars on their web; c, egg-bracelet; d, cocoon.

1913

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

15

The Ameiucan Tent Caterpillar (Malacosoma americana). In my re-
port last year 1 referred to an exce])tioiial outlii'eak of this caterpillar in 191L
During the past season, however, the insect was present throughout the district
in much larger numbers and caused widespread defoliation, particularly of apple
and wild clicrry trees. The Jirst date this year on which the young caterpillars
were noticed to be emerging from the eggs was 30th April. At the end of the first
v,eek in May thousands of small nests were seen throughout the district, chiefly
on the above two trees. In the latter half of May it was a common sight to see in
aj^ple orchards men going around with lighted torches burning the webs contain-

Pigs. 6 and 7. — American Tent Caterpillar (Male and Female Moth).

ing the caterpillars. Early in June the defoliated trees were very conspicuous
throughout the in.fested area. On June 9, I counted 37 large nests on one medium
sized cherry tree. In the Gatineau Valley district in many orchards not a single
leaf was left on the trees. This was also the case in orchards, in general, througii-
out the entire Ottawa District.

The CoiiLiNG Moth (Carpocapsa pomoneUa) was abundant in unsprayed
orchards. It seemed to be more numerous this year than in 1909 and 1910. Other
common orchard pests, as the Oyster Shell Scale {Lepidosaphes ulmi), the Fall
Webworm {H ij phantria textor) and the Pear Slug {Eriocampa cerasi) were also
present in un. usually injurious numbers.

Insects Attacking Forest and Shade Trees.

^.:'%

Fig. 8. — Forest Tent Caterpillar.

The most remarkable outbreak of an ir,jurious insect of which we have record
at Ottawa occurred in 1912, viz., that of the Forest Tent Caterpillar (Malacosoma
disstria). In the Gatineau Valley district miles of forest country were stripped

16 THE EEPORT OF THE No. 36

bare on both sides of the river by the voracious caterpillars. The woods of poplar
and birch between Ironside and Chelsea, and back from Chelsea to Kingsmere,
were entirely denuded of foliage and resembled their winter condition. Such de-
foliation was complete on June 4th. In the last week of May and the first week
of June the caterpillars congregated in thousands upon the tracks of the Canadian
Pacific Eailway between Ironside and Chelsea. Trains were stopped almost every
day during that period, and on isome occasions hours were spent in endeavoring to
get the train from the foi'mer to the latter station, the distance between being only
about Syo miles. Here, however, the grades are heavy and the engine could not
make any headway on account of the caterpillars being present on the tracks in such
numbers. For a part of the period the early afternoon train for Chelsea had two
engines, and on one evening with three engines it was impossible at first to make the
grade. Night after night the conductor and fireman or engineer would run ahead
of, the train and brush off the caterpillars with a broom, or shovel sand over the
rails so that the wheels of the engine could get a grip. I never saw such hordes of
caterpillars before, and farmers who have lived in the district for sixty years re-
port that they have never experienced such an outbreak. Poplar and birch were

&

&

mMifi

Pig. 9. — Forest Tent Caterpillar (Moth and Eggis).

the two trees particularly favoured by the caterpillars, but maple, oak, ash, willow,
apple, wild cherry, and even raspberry, were defoliated. By the middle of June
the caterpillars were mature and beginning to spin their cocoons. The first moths
began to emerge early in July, but the vast numbers of them did not appear till
about the middle of the month. At this time they migrated to the arc lights in
the city of Ottawa in myriads and the females were ovipositing on electric light
poles, fences, and particularly on shade trees along the city streets. Countless
numbers of eggs were deposited, and there is, unfortunately, every indication of
another serious outbreak of the Forest Tent Caterpillar in 1913. In the vicinity
of Chelsea, Que. (about nine miles from Ottawa), large numbers of the cater-
pillars were destroyed, just before maturity, by a disease apparently of a fungous
nature. They were attached to the trunks of trees, fences, and other perpendicular
objects. On one tree I counted 692 dead larvae. These were massed together on
the trunk of a medium-sized tree, and all within about four feet of the ground.

The Spruce Budworji (Toririx fumiferann Clem.). In the immediate
vicinity of Ottawa the caterpillars were again fairly abundant, but I did not ob-
serve any conspicuous destruction of foliage. Many moths were noticed around
spruces on the Farm, particularly in the latter half of July, when many egg masses
were deposited on the trees. The first moth reared emerged on June 24.

The Maple Leap-Eoller (Cemopis pettitana Eob.). In my report for last
year I referred to an interesting occurrence of this species at Chelsea, Que.,

1913 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 17

During the past summer the insect appeared in much greater numbers in the same
district. During the second week in July the moths were very numerous in the
woods, and there was much variation in their appearance, the colour of the wings
ranging from almost a pure, shining white to yellow, more or less spotted and
streaked with brown or reddish-brown.

Garden and Greenhouse Insects.

Garden plants were not injured by insects very seriously during the past
season. The Tarnished Plant Bug {Lygus pratensis) was present in fair numbers
and was complained of in the latter half of the season as doing some injury to
the buds of dahlias. In the early part of the season the Colorado Potato Beetle
(Leptinotarsa decemlineata) attacked freely plants of the genus Nicotiana, and
American Rose Slug (Endelomyia rosae) did conspicuous damage in some rose
gardens. The larvaB of the Bordered Sallow {Pyrrhia umbra) were present in

Pig. 10. — Tarnished Plant Bug.

numbers in the rose garden at the Central Experimental Farm. In the middle of
July they were found attacking rosebuds, the caterpillars at that time being in
different stages from young larvae to larvae about one-third grown. It was in-
teresting to note the small numbers of plant lice which were present this year on
flowering plants in the beds at the Experimental FaTm.

In greenhouses the insect which is doing most damage at the present time is
the Greenhouse Leaf-tyer (Phlyctaenia ferrugalis) . This has done a good deal of
injury in one large house, the chief damage being to chrysanthemums. The Varie-
gated Cutworm (Peridroma saucia) is occasionally destructive in greenhouses. At
the present time the caterpillar is attacking carnations in one house, climbing up
the plants and eating out the contents of the buds.

Division No, 3, Toronto District — ^A. Cosens.

The season of 1912 has been rather a disappointing one to the Entomologist.
Not only did the cool weather, in the case of several species, ■ prevent a large
number of insects from reaching maturity, but the excessive rainfall gave to the
observation and collection of specimens somewhat the character of an aquatic
pastime.

Some insects, however, seem to have prospered unusually well either on account
2 e.s.

18 THE EEPOST OF THE No. 36

of or in spite of the inclement season. In this vicinity, from about May 10th to the
present date, September 33rd, the Red Admiral biitterfiy {Pyrameis atalanta, Lin-
nfeus) has been iiniisually plentifiil. It has not appeared in nearly such large
numbers since the year 1905. A number of specimens were examined during May,
and practically all of them were brightly coloured, and seemed to have recently
emerged from the chrysalids. In co]nparison, only a few were doubtfully classed
as hibernating forms. No doubt many factors, few of which are yet understood,
control the production of each species of butterfly, but in all probability parasitism
plays the chief role. This will account for a season with numbers above the average
being succeeded hy one with correspondingly low numbers in the same species, the
year of plenty having produced ideal conditions for the increase of the parasites.
During the season fewer specimens than usual were seen of the other species of
butterflies, with perhaps the exception of the Viceroy {Basilarcliia archippus,
Cramer).

The " Spittle Insects," Earn. Cercopidae, were also very numerous. During
July, in low-lying land, nearly every specimen of Eed Top {Agrostis alba var. vul-
garis, Thurb.) carried a mass of froth, indicating the presence of either the larva
or pupa of the insect. With the purpose of testing the froth for the enzyme diastase,
a large number of the masses were washed off into distilled water. The froth
remained separate from the water until toluol was added; this seemed to alter the

Fig. 11. — Grape Vine Leaf-hopiper.

surface tension, and the froth passed into solution. A small quantity of this solution
was then placed in about an equal amount of starch paste, made of cornmeal, and
left for a few hours. A test with Eehling's solution then showed that a compara-
tively large amount of the starch had been changed to sugar. Without further
investigation it is rather premature to surmise the purpose of this sugar-producing
enzyme, but it seems possible that it may have a pre-digestive effect on the starch
of the host and thus convert it into a more soluble form for the use of the larva.
Experiments, not yet complete, seem to indicate that stems, surrounded by the froth
masses, do contain more sifgar than an equal weight of unaffected stems.

Another species in the same family also appears to have been influenced favour-
ably by the vagaries of the season. Dr. Walker has informed me that the Grape
Vine Leaf-hopper (TypMocyha comes) was very plentiful on the Boston Ivy
(Ampelopsis veitchii). The leaves on which the insects were feeding had become
pale and blotchy in appearance.

The Elm Bark Louse (Gossyparia spuria, Mod.) has not proven as serious a
pest here as was apprehended on its first appearance. It now seems to be practi-
cally absent from certain streets, the trees of which were badly infested a couple of
years ago. While it has killed some very small introduced elms, it has not injured
the larger specimens materially, and the indigenous Ulmus americana, L., is not
often attacked by it. Specimens of the Coccid (Kermes puhescens, Bogue) were
not numerous this season. This insect causes a marked swelling and distortion of

1913

EXTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

19

the petioles and young twigs of its host, Quercus alia, L. In some cases these
deformities are decidedly gall-like in character. Sections of these show an enlarge-
ment of the cells of the host without proliferation of the tissues. Xot a single
specimen of the Coccid {Kermes galliformis, Eiley) was found during the year.

Fig. 12. — Oyster-shell Scale {Lepidosaphes ulmi) : (a) Adult female, back
view, showing the two moulted skins at anterior end, and the
bristles of the sucking tube; (b) Adult female, turned over, showing
the insect at the anterior end and the eggs at the posterior end;
(c) Adult male scale, much smaller than female, with one moulted
skin at anterior end.

The small moth, Euclemensia hassettella, Clemens, appears to be checking the scale
in this locality almost to the point of extinction. In former years, an average of
about 25% of the specimens were found to be parasitized b}^ this insect. In the
apple orchards near the city the Oyster-shell scale (Lepidosaphes ulmi, Linn.) is

30 THE EEPOirr OF THE " No. 36

apparently becoming more destructive each year. This is probably due to the fact
that little new stock has been set out, and the powers of resistance of the old trees
are gradually diminishing. Further, diseased and useless trees are almost invariably
left to act as breeding places for the insects and centres from which young stock can
be infected.

Fig. 13. — Piece of Branch infested with Oyster-shell Scale.

REPOET OF THE COUNCIL.

The Council of the Entomological Society of Ontario begs to present its report
for the year 1912-13.

The Forty-eighth Annual Meeting of the Society was held at the Ontario
Agricultural College, Guelph, on Thursday and Friday, November 23rd and 24th,
1911. There were eight members present from a distance, as well as a large attend-
ance of the faculty and students connected with the College.

During the first afternoon, the reports of the Directors on the insects of the
year were read and discussed ; papers were read by Dr. G. G. Hewitt on " Some
Work of the Division of Entomology in 1911 ; " by Mr. L. Caesar on " Insects of
the Year in Ontario," and by the Eev. Dr. T. W. Fyles on " Notes on the Season
1911." Eeports were read from the Montreal Branch, the Toronto Branch, the
Librarian, Curator, and Delegate to the Eoyal Society.

In the evening a public meeting was held in the Massey Hall auditorium,
which was well attended by members of the Society, students of the College and
the- Macdonald Institute, and visitors from the town. Dr. C. G. Hewitt gave a
most interesting address on " Insect Scourges of Mankind," which was illustrated
by many excellent lantern-slides. The chair was occupied by President Creelman
of the College.

On the following day the Society met in the Museum of the Biological Depart-
ment, where many interesting specimens were exhibited by the members. The
Annual Address of the President, Dr. Walker, was then read, after which the elec-
tion of officers for the ensuing year took place. In the afternoon the following
papers were read : " Some Injurious Forest Insects at De Grassi Point, Lake Sim-
coe," by Dr. E. M. Walker; ''Thrips Affecting Oats," by Dr. C. G. Hewitt; "The
Stream," by Dr. T. W. Fyles ; " A Hymenopterous Parasite of Hepialus thule," by
Mr. A. F. Winn ; " Injurious Insects of the Year, Macdonald College, Quebec," by

1913 . ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 21

Mr. J. M. Swaine ; " Insect Migration at Aweme, Man.," by Mr. Norman Criddle ;
" The Catalogue of Canadian Insects," by Dr. Hewitt ; " Some Notes on Hepialus
hyperborens," by Mr, Horace Dawson ; " Blister Beetles " and " The Entomological
Record for 1911," by Mr. A. Gibson.

The Canadian Entomologist, the monthly journal of the Society, has been
issued regularly each month. The forty- third volume was completed in December
last; it consisted of 429 pages, and was illustrated by four full-page plates and many
original drawings. The contributors numbered 59, and included writers in Ontario,
Quebec, Manitoba, Alberta, Australia, many States of the Union, and the Hawaiian
Islands.

Meetings of the Society were held during the winter months of 1911 and 1912
iji the Biological Lecture Eoom of the Ontario Agricultural College. Before Christ-
mas the meetings were held on alternate Thursday afternoons, and after New Year's
joint meetings were held with the Wellington Field Naturalists' Club, weekly. The
meetings were well attended by the staff and students of the Ontario Agricultural
College and interested citizens of Guelph. The first meeting was devoted to observa-
tions by the various members, and during the rest of the season the following papers
were read in order : —

" Observations in Algonquin Park," Prof. J. E. Howitt.

" Foul Broods of Bee's," Mr. G. L. Jarvis.

" The Nursery Question," Mr. L. Cassar.

" Mosquitoes," Mr. C. A. Good.

" The Economic Importance of Calosoma sycophanta," Mr. J. Noble.

" Insect Intruders in Indian Homes," Mr. G. J. Spencer.

" Birds in Relation to Insects," Mr. E. N. Calvert.

" Fall Collecting of Coleoptera," Mr. A. W. Baker.

"■ Insectivorous Birds," Professor T. D. Jarvis.

The reports of the Branches of the Society at Montreal and Toronto give
evidence of much active work, meetings having been regularly held, and many papers
read and discussed. It is with great satisfaction that the Council reports the renewal
of activity of the British Columbia Branch, which has already outnumbered the
other branches in the list of members, and is doing much valuable work.

The Council has to record with sorrow the death of one of America's foremost
entomologists. Dr. J. B. Smitli, who died of Bright's disease, on March 12th, 1912.
Besides a number of important monographic works on various families of Lepidop-
tera, particularly the Nocuida?, Dr. Smith was the author of several very excellent
popular treatises on Economic Entomology, in which subject few men were his
equal. His contributions to the Annual Reports of the New Jersey Agricultural
Experiment Station, and his many economic bulletins are of the greatest value, and
he is also widely known for his masterly work on the control of mosquitoes. He
was an Honorary Member of the Entomological Society of Ontario and of many
other learned societies, which have thus recognized the eminence of his scientific
attainments.

It is also with profound regret that the Council has to record the loss of one of
our Society's most active and enthusiastic members, the Reverend G. W. Taylor,
who died of paralysis at Nanaimo, B.C., on August 22nd, 1912. Mr. Taylor was
widely known for his work in Marine Zoology, in recognition of which the Dominion
Government in 1905 appointed him a member of the Dominion Fisheries Commis-
sion for British Columbia. He was no less eminent in Entomology, as a student of
the Geometridse, and was a frequent contributor to the pages of the Canadian Ento-

22 THE EEPOET OF THE No. 36

mologist. He was also a Eellow of the Royal Society, and of the Zoological and
Entomological Societies of England, and Corresponding Member of the Ottawa
Field Naturalists' Club. Much of his character and personality is conveyed in the
following words of the late Mr. James Fletcher: "Mr, Taylor is an indefatigable
collector and a generous correspondent, who considers no trouble too much to make
observations or secure specimens when specially desired. In his parish work he is
painstaking, gentle and self-denying — always ready to help. A clear and forcible
preacher and an earnest liver, who shows in his works that religion is not an accessory
of everyday life, but an integral part of it."

Respectfully submitted,

E. M. Walker,

President.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MONTREAL BRANCH.

The 328th regular and 39th annual meeting of the Montreal Branch of the
Entomological Society of Ontario was held on May 8th, at the residence of the
President, Mr. O. A. Southee, 356 Durocher Street, Outremont.

The following report was read by the Secretary : —

Thirty-ninth Annual Report of the Council.

During the season 1911-18 eight meetings have been held, the average attend-
ance being 71/2- A meeting of Council was held in September to arrange a pro-
gramme for the winter's meetings, which unfortunately could not be carried out.
The following papers and addresses were given at the meetings: —

Address of Retiring President, Henry H. Lyman.

Some Effects of the Hiot_ Summer on Inseot Life, A. F. Winn.

Tachinid Parasites of Gypsy and Browk-tail Moths, J. D. Totliill.

Notes on Hepialus Hyperboreus, Horace Dawson (read by Secretary),

Little .Tourneys to Homes of Entomologists, H. H. Lyman.

Report on Annual Meeting at Guelph, A. F. Winn.

The Stilt Bugs, G. A. Moore.

The Catch from Dawson, Y. T., 1911, L. Gibb.

Further Notes on Types in British Museum. H. H. Lyman.

An Account of Visits to some U. S. Collections, F. H. WoUey-Dod.

A Miniature Inseotary, A. P. Winn.

Sexual Differences in the Hemiptera, G. A.. Moore.

The Determination of Sex in Lepidoptera, A. F. Winn.

Rye's Newest Moth (Gortyna erepta), Henry Bird (read by Secretary).

List of Lepidoptera from Yukon Territory, A. F. Winn.

We were again fortunate enough to have visiting entomologists at two of our
gatherings, Mr. J. D. Tothill at the October one, and Mr. F. H. Wolley-Dod, of
Calgary, in January, and both these gentlemen kindly addressed the meetings.

To the Library has been added a copy of Colonel Casey's Memoirs on Coleop-
tera, Parts I. — III Owing to Mr. Gibb having left the city to reside in London,
England, the cabinet has been temporarily removed to Mr. Lyman's residence.

A case of butterflies and moths has been prepared by Mr. Gibb for Lower
Canada College, and, it is hoped, will interest some of the boys in the wonders and
beauty of insect life.

1913 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 23

The Branch is badly in need of additional members to share the work of keeping
up the interest in our meetings and bringing specimens, notes and queries. An effort
should be made to encourage boys who are incline'd to hobbies of collecting to take
up some group of insects.

Copies of several new works on Lepidoptera were shown at the meetings.

The report of the Treasurer shows a balance on hand of $74.98.

Eespectfully submitted, on behalf of the Council,

A. F. WiNX,

Secretary.

The chairman delivered his annual address, after which the election of officers
for the ensuing year was proceeded with, resulting as follows: President, G. A.
Southee; Vice-President and Librarian, G. Chagnon; Secretary-Treasurer, A. F.
Winn; Curator, H. H. L}'man; Members of Council, G. A. Moore, E. C. Barwick,
and L. Gibb.

The Secretary showed a box containing a series of about 30 specimens of
Colias philodice to illustrate how interesting a repra^entatiou of the varieties of a
common butterfly may be.

Mr. Southee also exhibited a number of drawers of Lepidoptera.

The meeting then adjourned.

I

G. A. Southee, Pres. A. F. Winn, Secretary.

ANNUAL EEPORT OF THE TOEONTO BEANCH.

The 169th regular and 16th annual meeting of the Toronto Branch was held
in the Biological Building, on Thursday, October 10th, the President, Dr. Walker,
in the chair.

The annual report of the Secretary-Treasurer was read and approved. In the
course of the year eight meetings were held; the average attendance was seven.
Four new members were elected. The following papers were read : —

Nov. 9. — A Cosens, " Some Insects of the Season."

Dec. 14. — Dr. Walker, " Notes on Insects of the Season at De Grassi Point."

Jan. 11. — J. B. Williams, "Eecent Theories on Mimicry."

Feb. 15.— C. W. Nash, " Insects in a City Garden."

Mar. 14. — Arthur Smith, " Insects in Folk-lore."

May 2. — Dr. Walker, " Work of Some Common Longicorns."

May 16. — Dr. Abbott, " Eespiration of Birds and Insects."

June 14 — A. Cosens, " Feeding Habits of the Cynipidae."

The officers elected for 1912-13 were as follows: President, A. Cosens; Vice-
President, Dr. Walker; Secretary-Treasurer, E. H, Craigie, 40 Leopold Street;
Librarian, J. B. Williams; Council, Dr. Abbott, Messrs. P. Hahn. A. M. Patterson,
S. T. Wood.

Eespectfully submitted,

Arthue Smith, Secretary.

24 THE EEPORT OF THE No. 36

ANNUAL EEPOET OF THE BRITISH COLUMBIA BRANCH.

The British Columbia Branch of the Ontario Entomological Society was
reorganized on December 9th, 1911, after having lain dormant four or five years
previous to this date. The following officers were elected: Hon. President, Rev.
G. W. Taylor; President, Tom Wilson, (formerly Vice-President) ; Vice-President,
G. 0. Day, F.E.S.; Secretary, R. C. Treherne, B.S.A.; Advisory Board, Tom Wilson^
G. 0. Day, R. C. Treherne, W. H. Lyne, R. S. Sherman, and J. R. Anderson.

An excellent programme was arranged at the reorganization meeting, a copy
of which was duly forwarded to Ontario and afterwards printed in the Annual
Report of the Ontario Entomological Society, 1911.

A general summary of the papers was also forwarded at the same time and
printed in the same report.

There is every intention to hold another meeting in a short time from now, the
programme of which is at present in process of formation.

T am glad to say that the membership of the British Columbia Society has
increased from about 24 to nearly 40 in the past year. A small bulletin was printed
at the close of the meeting in December, 1911, and this has been freely distributed
over the Province, with the result that -a number of fruit-growers and farmers have
become interested and have duly become members by payment of the annual subscrip-
tion of $1.00.

Until a very short time ago it was intended to hold the annual meeting in
Vancouver early in December of every year, but owing to the great distances mem-
bers have to travel and the limited means of transportation in the Province, it has
been deemed advisable to hold the meeting in January. It has not been definitely
settled, but it is very probable that the annual meeting of the Society will be held in
Victoria on the 9th and 10th of January during the week of the Agricultural and
Horticultural Conventions. During this week delegates of the Fruit Growers'
Association and members of Farm.ers' Institute meet together to discuss matters of
interest. Consequently it would seem more desirable to hold the meeting then than
in December, when such members as would be present can only be recruited from
those living in the immediate vicinity of the point of meeting.

If this arrangement is acted upon, there will be no report from the British
Columbia Branch from this Fall, or for publication in the Year 1912,

It would seem more desirable to meet in January of 1913 and forward the
report of that meeting to the Ontario Society for presentation at their Fall meeting
in 1913.

During the past year the British Columbia Society has been entirely financed
by private subscriptions, all expenses of correspondence, of meeting and of publica-
tion of the small bulletin on the proceedings has been thus met. No Provincial
grant has been allowed for maintenance thus far, but in view of the interest which
the small bulletin created and is likely to create, it is to be hoped that a small Pro-
vincial grant will in time be forthcoming.

Respectfully submitted,

R. C. Treherne, Secretary.

1913 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 25

CUEATOE'S EEPOET.

During the past year very few insects have been added to the Society's collec-
tion, but for this year we have the promise of a good number of specimens that are
much needed, if the collection is to be at all representative of all the orders. We
are at present very lacking in Diptera and Hymenoptera, but especially in Diptera.
Any member who can spare named specimens of this order would be conferring a
great favour.

The collection has been examined from time to time throughout the year, and
the necessary measures taken to keep it in good condition.

Eespectfully submitted,

L. Caesak^ Curator.

THE EEPOET OF THE LIBEAEIAN".

During the year ending October 31st, 1912, forty-seven bound volumes have
been added to the Library, making the total number on the register 2,153.

Work on the card catalogue has been continued, and some further progress
made. Much, however, remains to be done before there is a complete index to
subjects.

The trustees of the British Museum, London, England, have very kindly pre-
sented the following books : —

" Monograph of the Culicidae of the World," by F. V. Theobald, Vols. Ill and V.
" Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera," by W. F. Kirby, Vol. III.
" Illustrations of Lepidoptera," Parts VI. and IX., 4 Vols., quarto.

Among other additions to the Library may be mentioned the following : —

Newstead's " Monograph of the British Coesidse " in 2 vols.
Sanderson's " Insect Pests of Farm, Garden and Orchard."
Sanderson & Jackson's " Elementary Entomology."
Dr. Walker's "Monograph of the Genus vEshna (Odonata)."
Hugo de Vries' " Works on Mutation and Variation," 5 vols.

Enrio Reuter's " Palpen der Rhopaloceren " and " Morphology et Ontogenie der
Aoariden," 2 vols., quarto.

Comstock's " Spider Book."

Mrs. Comstock's " Handbook of Nature Study."

The Library continues to be much used by the Biological students and starffi
of the Ontario Agricultural College, and is of great assistance to them in their
scientific pursuits.

Eespectfully submitted,

Chakles J. S. Bethune, Librarian.

EEPOET OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTAEIO TO THE
EOYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA.

Eev. Thomas W. Fyles, D.C.L., Ottawa.

The Entomological Society of Ontario has of late years had its offices in the
Ontario Agricultural College at Guelph. In that institution it enjoys many privi-

26 THE EEPOET OF THE No. 36

leges, and has abundant opportunities for impressing the agricultural students and
teachers-in-training with the importance of Nature Studies. There is its very valu-
able library, and its extensive collections of biological specimens. One of the
founders of the Society, the venerated Dr. Bethune, is Professor of Entomology and
Zoology on the College staff.

The Society held its forty-eighth annual meeting on the 23rd and 24th of
November last, under the presidency of Dr. Edmund M. Walker, Lecturer in
Zoology in the University of Toronto. The following is a list of the subjects brought
under the notice of the meeting. The papers will appear in full in the forthcoming
Annual Eeport of the Society : —

Reports on the Insects of the Year:

Division 1. Ottawa District, Arthur Gibson.

Division 2. Orillia District, C. E. Grant.

Division 3. Toronto District, A. Cosens. ^

Division 4. East Toronto, C. W. Nash.

Division 7. Niagara District, R. C. Treherne.
" Some Work of the Division of Entomology," C. G. Hewitt.
" Insects of the Season in Ontario," L. Caesar.
" Notes on the Season of 1911," T. W. Fyles.
" Insect Scourges of Mankind," C. G. Hewitt.
Annual address of the President, E. M. Walker.

" Some Injurious Forest Insects at De Grassi Point, Lake Simcoe," E. M. Walker.
" Thrips Affecting Oats," C. G. Hewitt.
" The Stream," T. W. Fyles.
" Blister Beetles," A. Gibson.

" A Hymenopterous Parasite of Hepialus Thule," A. F. Winn.
" Injurious Insects of the Year, Macdonald College, Ont," J. M. Swaine.
" Catalogue of Canadian Insects," C. G. Hewitt. '
" Some Notes on Hepialus Hyperboreus," H. Dawson.
" The Entomological Record," A. Gibson.

The Canadian Entomologist, the Society's monthly organ, has now reached
the 44th year of its publication. The volume for 1911 contains 429 pages. It is
illustrated Avith 4 plates, and 28 figures in the text. Its contributors were 59 in
number, one each from Honolulu, Hawaii, and Brisbane (Australia), and the
remainder from various parts of Canada and the United States of America.

Many new species are described in the volume, and much information is given
on the distribution, habits, and life histories of insects in all orders.

Eeviews of books and pamphlets of recent issue have been given promptly, thus
calling attention to the work of Entomologists outside of the sphere of magazine
articles.

The whole respectfully submitted,

Thomas W. Fyles.

ANNUAL ADDEESS OF THE PEESIDENT.
Edmund M. Walker, B.A., M.B., Toronto.

I have the honour of welcoming you to the 49th Annual Meeting of the Ento-
mological -Society of Ontario and the sixth meeting held at Ottawa.

It is nine years since one of our annual meetings has been held at a distance
from the Society's headquarters in Guelph, and although we regret that many of our
Guelph friends are unable to be with us on this occasion, we rejoice to see the faces
of other members who would have found it impossible to attend the meeting had we

1913 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 27

met elsewhere than in Ottawa, and we greatly appreciate the kindness of our Ottawa
friends, who have spared no efforts to make our visit a pleasant and interesting one.

It is good for us, and for the welfare of our Society, to change our place of
meeting from time to time. It will give to many who would otherwise find it
difficult to attend our meetings, the opportunity of doing so, and to our Society
itself and the aims and objects of its work, it will help to give more of that public
recognition which they undoubtedly deserve.

It has usually 'been the custom on these occasions for the President to review
the work of the year, or to discuss the recent progress of our science; but I find that
this rule has not been strictly observed, and I feel, therefore, that I am not violating
a time-worn custom in departing from this practice and speaking to you for a little
while upon a subject which has as yet received but little attention in Canada, but
which should, I think, be of some interest to all entomologists.

The Faunal Zones of Canada.

I refer to the geographical distribution of insects in our country, or rather to
that of the Canadian fauna in general, for the greater part of Canada is still almost
a terra incognita from an entomological standpoint, and it is therefore a necessity
to refer also to other groups whose distribution is better known than that of the
insects, in order to form a definite idea of the faunal areas into which our country
is divided.

We have all seen the map of the Faunal Zones of North America, which was
published in the May number of our magazine, and no doubt all who have seen it
realize in a general way that the differently coloured areas represent zoological zones,
and that the fauna of each zone has certain particular characteristics. But, as far as
I am aware, no explanation of these characteristics has appeared in any entomologi-
cal publication, so that it may not be without interest to consider the map for a
little while, particularly as this map is to be used in connection with the catalogue
of Canadian insects, the distribution of each species being referred to under the
names of the various zones inhabited by it.

Some facts of zoogeography are familiar to all. Everyone knows that countries
of widely different climatic conditions differ more or less widely in their plant and
animal inhabitants, and that, generally speaking, localities remote from one another
also exhibit marked points of distinction in their flora and fauna. A very little
observation, however, will show that many other factors besides those of climate and
distance are concerned in the distribution of life. Thus, zoologically, there is more
difference between Australia and New Zealand than there is between England and
Japan, and more between the Pacific slope in British Columbia and the foothills of
the Eockies than between Labrador and the Mackenzie Eiver country. Barriers of
any kind, such as seas, mountain chains, deserts, etc., if sufficient to prevent free
communication between the faunas of adjacent districts, are invariably associated
with more or less marked differences in the faunas thus separated. The degree of
difference depends in large measure upon the length of time during which the faunas
have been separated, so that here again we have another factor, the historic factor,
i.e.:, the geological history. Indeed, the present distribution of animals is chiefly
the outcome of their geological history. Now, geologists have shown that the various
classes of animals now living are of different ages, some of much more recent origin
than others. Their dispersal over the earth's surface has thus taken place at different
periods of the earth's history, so that this present distribution has been influenced in
various ways by their past history. Then again, the means of dispersal possessed by
animals is almost unlimited in its variety, and is another important factor in deter-

28 THE SEPOET OP THE No. 36

mining the distribution of the species. The water-snails are largely dependent upon
the river system that they inhabit, different river-systems usually have distinctive
faunas, while terrestrial forms are practically uninfluenced by this factor. Strong,
high-flying insects and birds will not be deterred by many barriers that would be
prohibitive to flightless forms and weak fliers.

For such reasons of these it is. impossible to construct a map of the zoological
regions of the world or of any country that will suit all groups of animals equally
well. There have been, however, certain events in the world's history that have had
a vast effect on the distribution of life in general over immense areas of land. As
far as Canada is concerned, the great geological events of comparatively recent date
have been the Ice Age and the existence of former land-bridges connecting North
America with Asia and Europe.

The existence of a land-bridge across Bering's Sea in early Glacial times is
supported by many facts of geology and zoogeography. The close resemblance
between the fauna and flora of North- western North America and North-eastern
Asia has often been remarked upon, and it is generally admitted that a large propor-
tion of the species of both plants and animals inhabiting the North-west originally
came from Asia over this land-bridge. Many of these species have since spread east-
ward and now range across the continent, but the number of such species is noticeably
greater in the "West, particularly in Alaska, than elsewhere. It is noteworthy, too,
that such species, among the mammals at least, are absent from Newfoundland,
which was separate from the continent even at the time of the invasion of animals
from Asia. Thus the moose, wapiti and barren-ground bear, which are of Old World
stock, range across Canada, but do not occur in Newfoundland, while the mountain
sheep, whose nearest relatives are also Asiatic, do not range east of the Rockies, even
as a fossil. The same is true of the butterflies of the genus Parnassius and many
other insects..

The existence of a land-bridge connecting North America and Europe by way
of Greenland, Iceland and Scotland, is also supported by the fact that the fauna
and flora of Greenland are mixtures of American and European species, some of
the latter, such as the European garden-snail, Helix hortensis, ranging down the
east coast of North America as far as Maine, but not penetrating westward. The
noctuid moths, Anarta schoenherri and A. lapponica, occur in Scandinavia, Green-
land and Labrador, while A. melanopa is found in Colorado, the AAHiite Mountains,
Labrador, Scandinavia, Scotland and the Alps.

These former land connections existed at a time when conditions were more
favourable for life in the north than they are at the present time. Hence a large
number of species, which formerly inhabited the far north have since been driven
southward into more hospitable latitudes, and no longer occur in the Arctic regions.

On the other hand, there is no doubt that, at some time in the past, arctic
conditions as we now understand them existed much farther south in North America
than they do at the present time. We find isolated remnants of arctic and subarctic
faunas and floras hundreds of miles to the south of their present general area of
distribution. The summit of Mount Washington supports a number of species of
plants and animals which occur elsewhere only in the Arctic regions. Oeneis semidea
■ is the classical example among insects. The White Mountain colony of this butterfly
is separated by a thousand miles from its nearest brethren in Labrador.

The presence of these southern remnants of the Arctic fauna and flora is usually

attributed to the influence of the Glacial Period. This was a period during which it

is commonly believed that almost the whole of the northern half of North America

- as well as a large part of Europe and Asia became covered with an almost continuous

1913 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 29

sheet of ice, and that the fauna and flora of the region thus covered were either
exterminated or pushed southward by the advancing ice-sheet. On the final retreat
of the ice-sheet northward to the Arctic regions, the country was repopulated with
life from the south, chiefly from those species which had been driven southward
during the period of advancement. First came the Arctic fauna and flora, followed
by those of the succeeding life-zones, until the present distribution of life was
established. During the northward movement remnants of the arctic and subarctic
faunas were left behind wherever the conditions were suitable for their existence,
such as on mountain-tops, in cold bogs, etc.

This view is very plausible, but there is much biological evidence to show that
the fauna and flora of the glaciated regions never occupied the country south of the
drift or glaciated area, and that the climatic conditions in this area were more
favourable for the existence of life during the so-called Ice Age than they are at
present.* The existence of glaciers does not depend upon intense cold, but chiefly
upon a copious precipitation in the form of snow, which, of course, requires a fairly
low temperature in the region where the glacier is formed, but also demands a con-
siderable degree of warmth in the surrounding country. The glaciers of Alaska
occur chiefly in the warmest part, the southern shore, whereas the cold interior is
devoid of them. The extensive glaciers of the Ice Age were probably- due to the
presence of the land-bridges connecting North America with Europe on the east and
Asia on the west. The Arctic Ocean was thus isolated, and the temperature of the
Atlantic and Pacific considerably elevated, thereby modifying the climate of the
Arctic regions on both sides of the continent and bringing about the conditions
necessary for the formation of glaciers.

Species such as the snail Helix kortensis and the wood-louse Oniscus asellus,
whose entrance into North America is traceable to the north-eastern land-bridge from
Europe, have not yet reached the higher parts of the White Mountains, though they
occur in Northern New England, and the origin of the Arctic element in the fauna
of the White Mountains is probably of much earlier date than the Glacial Period.
There is no doubt, however, that the presence of these relics of the Arctic fauna does
indicate that at some period an Arctic climate did prevail over a large part, if not
the whole, of Canada, and the Northern States, and that, with the gradual increase
of temperature which followed, species adapted to a colder climate were exterminated
or driven northward, stragglers remaining behind wherever conditions were favour-
able to their existence. These isolated colonies of northern forms occur not only at
high altitudes, but also to a smaller extent at quite low levels, e.g., in bogs, where
the soil is wet and poorly drained, and thus colder than the surrounding country.
Such restricted areas, inhabited by northern species, are termed " boreal islands."

Let uis now turn our attention to the map of the faunal zones of North
America.

This map was prepared by the U. S. Biological Survey, and is mainly the
work of Mr. C. Hart Merriam, an eminent auiihority on the Mammalia, upon the
distribution of which the map is chiefly based. Perhaps the first thing on it that
is apt to strike our attention is the transverse arrangement of the zones across
the continent. This is because the factor of temperature has been regarded as
the controlling one in defining the distribution of the Mammalia, it has been re-
marked by several zoologists, however, that laws of temperature control do not
define transcontinental zones of primary importance zoologically. They emphasize
the secondary, not the primary facts of distribution. Thus, in our map, we have

*See R. F. Scharff, "Distribution and Origin of Life in America," London, 1911.

30 THE EEPORT OF THE No. 36

California and Mexico divided into the same zones as the Atlantic State, in spite
of vast and important differences in their fauna and flora. In regard to tempera-
ture, these zones are comparable in the east and west, but in little else. They
would be more properly regarded as homologous subdivisions of quite different
zoogeographical provinces. For the purpose of our catalogue, however, in which
we indicate the distribution of species by reference to political divisions, as well
as to faunal zones, the map is a convenient one and probably better suited to the
purpose than any other map as yet published.

It may, therefore, be of interest to examine the map for a little while and
consider the characteristics of the various zones.

The continent of North America is seen to be divided into two main regions,
a northern or Boreal Eegion and a southern or Austral Eegion. The Boreal Region
includes the greater part of Canada as well as the northern parts of Europe and
Asia, and gives off southern extensions along the mountains on both sides of the
United States; the Austral Eegion occupies the greater part of the United States,
part of Mexico, and a small part of Canada. Part of the Tropical Eegion is also
included on the map, embracing Central America, the West Indies, and parts of
Southern Mexico and Southern Florida.

Tlie Boreal Eegion m North America is divided into three zones : the Arctic,
Hudsonian and Canalian Zones. The Arctic Zone is the region north of the limit
of trees, including the Barren Grounds or Tundra of North America and Siberia.
It is also represented upon the mountains farther south, wherever tliese are ele-
vated above the tree-line.

The plants and animals of this region, particularly of the truly arctic por-
tions, are largely circumpolar, or represented by very nearly allied species in the
northern parte of Europe and Asia.

Tliis is due to the free communication that '-formerly existed between these
regions by means of the land-bridges already mentione^d. The mammalian fauna
Includes a number of species peculiar to this zone, such as the polar and barren-
ground bears, musk ox, barren-ground caribou, arctic fox, arctic hare, lemming,
etc. Not much is known of the insects, but mention may be made of the satyrid
butterflies of the genera Oeneis and Erebia, the dwarf fritillaries of the genus
Brenthis, certain species of Colias, the noctuid moths of the genus Anarta and the
grasshopper Melanoplus horealis, a near relative of our common red-legged grass-
hopper. There are also some charteristic beetles, besides many species of various
orders which also occur farther south.

South of the Arctic Zone is an immense belt of coniferous trees, stretching
obliquely across the continent from Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and Labrador to
the Northern parts of the Great Lakes and Hudson Bay, and thence northward
of the Great Plains to the Pacific Coast, extending north-westwardly to the Mac-
kenzie Eiver Basin and southwardly into the north-western United States, where
it is continued along the mountains as a series of irregular, more or less broken
areas. It is also continued soutliwardly along the Appalachians to North Carolina.
This great forest region comprises the other two faunal zones of the Boreal Eegion,
viz., the Hudsonian and Canadian Zones.

The Hudsonian Zone is a region of more or less scattered and stunted trees,

occupying the northern part of the Boreal Eegion. It is a transitional region

between the treeless Arctic Zone and the densely forested belt south of it, which

constitutes the Canadian Zone. Except towards its southern boundary and in its

^ mountainous western portions, this forest belt is composed of only eis-ht species of

1913 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 31

trees, the black and white spruce, jack-pine, tamarack, balsam fir, paper birch, bal-
sam and aspen poplar. Other species of trees as well as other plants and animals ap-
pear in the west, particularly on the Pacific Slope, this part of the country belong-
ing, properly speaking, to a different faunal region, as will be explained more fully
later. Except for this western section, however, the Canadian and Hudsonian
Zones are remarkably homogenous throughout their entire extent, both in their
flora and fauna and, like the arctic zone, though to a relatively smaller extent,
they share many genera and even species with the northern parts of Europe and
Asia.

These two zones form a region of muskegs, peat-bogs and countless lakes of
poor drainage, and the bog-plant society, composed of such plants as sphagnum-
moss, sundews, pitcher-plants, cranberries, and other heath-plants, are very char-
acteristic. It also constitutes the great fur-bearing region of North America, and
among its characteristic mammals are the moose, woodland caribou, wapiti, black
bear, Canada lynx, pine marten, etc. In the west we have also the various species
of mountain sheep, the mountain goat, and the grizzly bear.

The butterfly genera mentioned as characteristic of the Arctic region also
occur commonly here, together with a number of other forms, among which are
several of our commoner members of the Vanessa group, such as Euvanessa
antiopa, Aglais milherti, Eugonia j-alhum, Polygonia faunus, P. progne, and
Vanessa cardui. All of these occur also in the Old World, or are represented by
nearby allied species. The dragonflies of this region are also very closely related
to those of Northern Europe, i early all of the genera and several species being
common to both hemispheres. The most characteristic gejiera are Cordulia, Soma-
tochlora, and Leucorrhinia, the first two consisting of beautiful, swift-flying forms
of dark metallic greenish coloration with emerald green eyes, the latter of smaller
black species, with black and yellow bodies and pure white faces. The little red
dragonflies of the genus Sympetrum and the large blue and green spotted forms
belonging to the Aeshna are also very abundant in this zone. All these genera are
represented in Europe and Asia by closely allied species. Leconte has also pointed
out similar characteristics in the Coleoptera, and it is also true, though to a less
extent, in the Orthoptera, and probably in a greater or less degree of all the orders
of insects as well as of other classes of animals.

Wliereas the forests of the Boreal Region are of the coniferous type, those of
the Austral Eegion are of the broad-leaved or deciduous type, comprising the
oaks, maples, elms, hickories, etc. This region also includes three zones, the Tran-
sition, Upper Austral, and Lower Austral. It is also divided into an eastern or
humid section and a western or arid section. In the opinion of many zoologists,
these eastern and western sections represent different faunal centres of distribu-
tion and should not be united into one region. Certainly among the insects
there is much to support this view. In the Orthoptera, for instance, there are many
genera and hosts of species in the dry arid parts of the Western Plains and the
Pacfic Slope which have no near relatives in the east, and there are many eastern
forms whose area of distribution ends at the Eocky Mountains or which are con-
fined to the wooded country east of the Great Plains.

Similar statements may be made of the beetles, butterflies and dragonflies,
and, in fact, of the Class Insecta in general. Many species seem to have had
their origin in the south-western states or in Mexico- and to have spread from this
centre of distribution to the north and east.

Of the Upper Austral Zone only a very small portion of the humid section or

•32 THE REPOET OF THE No. 36

Carolinian Zone is represented in Canada. This is a stiip of territory along the
North Shore of Lake Erie from the Niagara to the St. Clair Kiver. The mild
climate of this district is due to the modifying influence of the Great Lakes by
which it is partly enclosed. Here we have a fauna and flora more like that of
Northern Ohio and Southern Pennsylvania than that of most parts of Canada.
The coniferous trees form a very small part of the forest growth, while the de-
ciduous trees include many species not found in a wild state in any other part of
the country, such as the tulip, chestnut, sycamore, walnut, papaw, sassafras, a num-
ber of oaks and hickories, and, on Pelee Island, the honey-locust and the Kentucky
coffee-tree. The same is true of the fauna and notably so of the insects, for so
^ many of these are dependent on particular food-plants. Among the butterflies,
e.g., there are several Papilios which are practically restricted to this Zone, viz.,
P. thoas, ajax, troilus and philenor, and other species such as Zerene caesonia,
Eurema lisa, Euptoieta claudia, Basilarchia astyanax and Junonia caenia. Many
species of moths, notably among the genus Catocala, are also restricted to this sec-
tion of Ontario. The Orthoptera show a great increase in number of species here
as compared with other parts of Ontario. The green grasshoppers and katydids
are particuJarly numerous. Eight species of Orchelimum and five of Xiphidium
occur here, whereas north of Toronto only one species of Orchelimum and two
of Xiphidium occur. The true Katydid {Cyrtophyllus perspiciUatus) , the Ob-
long-winged Katydid (Amblycorypka ohlongifolia) , the Mole-cricket {Gryllotalpa
horealis), the Shield-back Grasshopper (Atlanticus pachymerus) and many other
species occur nowhere else in Canada except here. Other orders of insects are
similarly represented by numerous additional species, while there is an absence
of many of the forms that are common in the northern coniferous forests. North
of the Upper Austral Zone we pass into the Transition Zone, which is simply the
territory where the Boreal and Austral Eegions overlap and there is an inter-
mingling of types from both regions.

The humid or eastern division of this zone is also known as Alleghanian
Zone. It includes parts of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, a small part of
southern Quebec and the greater part of Old Ontario. The forests are mixtures
of the deciduous and coniferous types. The oaks and hickories are greatly re-
duced in variety, the prevailing hardwoods being the maples, elms, beech, birch,
and basswood. Hemlock, red and white pine and white cedar are also abundant.
In the southern part of the Transition Zone we find extensions of the more re-
stricted austral fauna and flora in sheltered localities, such as river valleys and
southern slopes, and it is often in such places that we find the northern limits of
austral types. Thus, in Ontario the chestnut and walnut occur as far north as
Oakville, while the sycamore and sassafras reach Toronto in the Don and Humber
valleys. A number of austral insects also find their northern limit ' in this
vicinity.

On the other hand, boreal conditions are met with in the Transition Zone,
in bogs, particularly sphagnum bogs, these constituting the boreal islands that
have already been alluded to. In such bogs the vegetation and the insect life, too,
are decidedly more northern than (.Jiat of the surrounding country. The trees are
largely tamarack, black spruce and willows, and the bog-plant society in general
consists of the same species as occur in the poat-bogs of the Canadian and Hud-
Bonian Zones. Similarly, bogs in the Upper Austral Zone are largely occupied by
species of the Transition and Boreal Zones.

The arid or western division of the Transition Zone is fairlv extensive in

1913 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 33

Canada, including, according to our map, practically the whole of the prairie
country as well as the semi-arid district in the southern part of the interior of
British Columbia. Part of the humid region on the Pacific Slope is also included
in this zone, though the fauna and flora of this region are extremely different from
rhat of the prairies.

To the present writer it seems that the northern boundary of this zone is
placed too far north in the Prairie Provinces as compared wi.th the corresponding
boundary in Ontario. This seems to be true at least in regard to the Odonata and
Orthoptera, as I have received from within the limits of the Transition Zone in
Manitoba and Saskatchewan some very decidedly boreal species which do not
appear to occur in Ontario south of the 'Canadian Zone. It may be noted in this
connection that the mean July isotherm of 65 deg. P. corresponds fairly closely to
the southern boundary of the Boreal Region in the Eastern Provinces, but does not
run so far north in Manitoba and Saskatchewan.

In the arid district of the Transition Zone, there are certainly many species
of both plants and animals which are common to the Transition Zone of the East,
but these are mostly boreal species of transcontinental distribution, and there is
but little in the austral element of the two regions to warrant their inclusion in
the same zone. The physical conditions of the western prairies and eastern forests
are, however, so unlike that it is somewhat difficult to compare them. In the Or-
thoptera, most of the austral species are of south-western origin, the Carolinian
element being decidedly lacking.

Before closing this brief survey of the faunal zones of Canada, we
must not fail to make mention of the conditions met with in British
Columbia. The composition of its fauna, however, is too little known to
warrant any positive statements concerning it. Though most of it is included in
Merriam's Boreal Region and in the great transcontinental, forest belt, most of
the trees belong to different species from those of the eastern part of this region,
and similar statements could probably be made of any group of plants or animals
inhabiting it. The fauna and flora of this region seem to have entered it primarily
from two directions, viz., from the south-west and from Asia. The bulk of the
species seem to have entered from the Rocky Mountains and Pacific Coast south of
the Canadian border, and many of these have decided Californian and Mexican
affinities. On the other hand, there are many species of distinctly Asiatic type,
which do not occur on the eastern side of the continent. The presence of such
forms, particularly in the Alaskan region, is important evidence of the existence of
a land-bridge across Bering Sea in early glacial times. To a limited extent this
western region has also been invaded by north-eastern forms.

Finally, let me call your attention to the close relationship that exists between,
the boundaries of the faunal zones of our map, as far as Canada is concerned, and
the mean isothermal lines for July. According to Merriam, the southward distri-
bution of northern species is determined by the mean temperature of the hottest
time of the year, which should not be very different from the mean temperature
of July. Thus the present map is essentially a map of temperature zones, but not
one of primary zoogeographical provinces.

In conclusion, I should like to impress upon all collectors the value of keep-
ing in mind the standpoint of geographical distribution, while on their collecting
trips. Not only will the data for a proper understanding of the problems of zoo-
geography be more thoroughly accumulated, but the collector will experience new
delights in the course of his wanderings, and will feel more keenly than ever the
rare pleasure of collecting in a new locality.
3 E.S.

34 THE EEPOET OF THE No. 36

EEVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY EELATING TO CANADA IN 1912.

C. Gordon Hewitt, D.Sc, Dominion Entomologist, Ottawa.

It has been my custom in addressing the Society on previous occasions to
briefly relate the more important developments which have taken place in connection
with the work of the Division of Entomology of the Experimental Farms Branch
of the Dominion Department of Agriculture, located at the Central Experimental
Farm, Ottawa.

This year we are fortunate in having with us at our meetings a number of the
field officers of the Division of Entomology who have been carrying on investiga-
tions in different localities, and they will be able personally to communicate to you
the results of their investigations. I wish to consider broadly, for a short time,
certain matters affecting Canadian entomology, which have arisen during the past
year. I shall, therefore, divide my address into three parts, and I shall consider
how our problems have been affected by International, Imperial and Canadian
developments.

As representative of the Canadian Government 'and also as representative,
together with Mr. Henry H. Lyman, of this Society, I had the privilege of attend-
ing the International Congress of Entomology which was held at Oxford in August.
An account of this meeting has been published by me in the current (November)
issue of " The Canadian Entomologist," and therefore I need not take up the time
of the meeting with a description of the various interesting and important aspects
of this international meeting.

I would like, however, to refer to two matters which came up for discussion at
the Congress, a<s I think they will be of special interest to the members of the
Society. As might be expected, the question of nomenclature was prominent in
discussion, having been introduced at the instigation of the Entomological Society
of London, and after an interesting and useful discussion it was finally decided to
appoint international and national committees to deal with this very vexed question
of nomenclature. Each of these national committees would refer its important
inquiries to the International Committee for its decision, and the International
Committee would consult with the International Committee on Zoological Nom-
enclature, which is the final committee of appeal on all questions of zoological
nomenclature. It was felt, and rightly so, that entomology was not adequately
represented on the International Committee of Zoological Nomenclature in view
of the fact that insects form by far the greater part of the terrestrial fauna, this
lack of representation is admittedly unfair and has been responsible to some extent
for the formation of a committee of the International Congress of Entomology to
deal with these questions of nomenclature.

To my mind one of the most important considerations is the question as to
what would happen in the event of disagreement between our International Com-
mittee on Entomology and the International Committee on Zoological Nomen-
clature, and I was very pleased to receive publicly from Dr. Karl Jordan, the
Secretary of the Congress, the assurance that in cases of such disagreement the
findings of the International Committee on Nomenclature would prevail. I
believe that the formation of these national committees and the International
Committee will be productive of much good in deciding disputed questions.

Among the many interesting, suggestive and valuable papers dealing with the
problems of economic entomology none was productive, to my mind, of so inter-

1913 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 35

esting a discussion as a paper read by Mr. Eogers of the British Board of Agri-
culture, on the question of legislation and the control of insect pests. As a result
of this discussion a resolution was moved in support of the proposed formation by
the International Institute of Agriculture at Eome, of an international commission
to deal with the broad question of the prevention and spread of insect pests, and
this resolution was unanimously adopted by the Congress.

This brings me to the second part of my address and to a consideration of the
Imperial aspect of entomology. During the past year the Colonial Office and the
various self-governing Dominions and colonies have had under consideration a
scheme for the formation of an Imperial Entomological Bureau. A scheme was
submitted last year, and during my visit to England at the beginning of the year
I consulted with the Entomological Research Committee of the Colonial Office in
regard to this scheme, which appeared to us to be too restricted in its character.
The idea was to assist the self-governing colonies and dominions in preventing
the spread of insects within the empire, by collecting and distributing information
from all parts of the empire with regard to the prevalence and distribution of
insect pests.

In case of Canada, however, we obtain the greater part of our natural products
from non-British countries, and consequently we have to keep ourselves informed
of the prevalent insect pests in those countries. We, therefore, felt that if the
collecting of this information, relative to injurious insects, was confined to the
countries within the British Empire we should derive very little benefit from it.

To work out a scheme satisfactory to all the Governments concerned, there-
fore, the Colonial Secretary took advantage of the International Congress of
Entomology and called a conference at the Colonial Office of the entomologists
and representatives of the various self-governing dominions and colonies. This
conference took place in August and it is a matter of very great gratification to
us to find that our proposal for a more extensive scheme met with the unanimous
approval of the representatives at this conference, and the scheme which was
worked out at the conference has now been submitted to the various governments
for their approval and adoption. It is proposed to form in connection with the
Colonial Office an Imperial Entomological Bureau which would be maintained by
contributions from the dominions and colonies, and also from the Colonial Office.
Its functions are mainly three: First, it will collect, not only from the colonies,
but also from non-British countries, information regarding the occurrence and
distribution of injurious insects. This information will be filed for purposes
of reference, so that any colony which may be desirous of importing or may be
actually importing vegetation or other natural products from another country may
inform itself, by applying to the Bureau, what pests it is likely to import
on such commercial products, and may thus determine whether in its own
interests it is advisable to protect itself by legislation, or by other means against
the introduction of dangerous insect pests. The great benefit which will accrue
from this function of the Bureau will be obvious to you all, and it will be an
especial benefit to those colonies whose entomological serv.ces may not be so well
organized as others. In addition to the collection and distribution of this informa-
tion the Bureau will also undertake the identification of insect pests for the various
colonial entomologists, and with the co-operation of, and the proximity to, the
British Museum of N'atural History with its immense and valuable collections, the
Bureau will be able to render valAiable services to the colonies in this resrard. iN'ot

36 THE EEPOET OF THE No. 36

llie least important of the Bureau's activities will be the publishing of a monthly
journal for distribution to the colonies, which journal will contain summarized
abstracts of current literature relating to the control and eradication of insect
pests. With the increase of entomological literature and with the decrease of
opportunity which entomologists have with their increasing duties to keep them-
selves acquainted with all that is being published on economic entomology, the
value of a journal of this nature cannot be overestimated, and it will be especially
appreciated by and of great value to those entomologists working in countries where
they have not access to scientific libraries and where scientific literature is con-
spicuous by its absence. To them, most of all, will such a journal be useful. I
look forward very much to this Imperial Bureau becoming a powerful factor in the
general campaign against insect pests and their spread.

Turning from Imperial matters to Canada, I will briefly refer to the various
developments in entomology in this coantry during the past year. One of the
most important extensions of the work of the Division of Entomology has been the
establishment of field laboratories, to the proposed establishment of which I
referred in my address twelve months ago. These stations are now an accom-
plished fact and by means of their establishment we have been able to carry on
important investigations in a wider field. During the past year field work has been
carried on in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario (two stations) and
British Columbia, and most of our field oflricers carrying on the work at these
stations will give brief accounts of their respective investigations at this meeting.
I need not, therefore, refer to them more fully.

Two other branches of our work have been extended, and assistant entom-
ologists have been appointed to devote their special attentions to these branches.
Mr. J. M. Swaine was appointed last December to take charge of the work on forest
insects, and during the past summer he has made very marked progress in this
work which has been so long neglected in Canada, but which now needs all the
attention we can give it if the conservation of our forest is to be studied in its neces-
sarily broad manner. Mr. Swaine will give an account of his season's work and
his visits to Manitoba and other parts of eastern Canada. I am also pleased to
announce that by the appointment of Mr. F. W. L. Sladen we shall be able to give to
apiculture the attention which it deserves, and we are proposing to carry on experi-
mental work in queen breeding and other branches which are essential for the
prosperity and extension of bee-keeping in this country. A long, intimate and
practical experience in bee-keeping in England has made Mr. Sladen unusually
well qualified for this work, and we are fortunate in having so distinguished a
Fellow of the Entomological Society of London with us permanently. Mr. Sladen,
in addition to his studies of the honey bees, has made a life-long study of the
Bombi, and he will give us to-night an account of some of his work.

The inspection work under the Destructive Insect and Pest Act is now well
organized, and the amount of work it entails upon the Division will be realized by
the fact that the last importation season about 4,000,000 plants were inspected.
One instance alone which I am mentioning will indicate the value of this inspec-
tion work. Mr. E. C. Treherne, our officer in charge of our work at Vancouver,
discovered in a shipment of trees from Japan a Thuja on which no less than eight
Qg,g masses of the Gipsy Moth were found, and by the time these reached Ottawa,
hundreds of the larvae had emerged. Such a discovery as this needs no comment.
The field work in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick which consists in scouting the

1913 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 37

infested and likely-to-be-infested areas, was completed in May. We found that
the area in New Brunswdck had increased enormously, although the infestation
was very lightly distributed. In Nova Scotia the area and infestation were about
the same.

During the past year also we have continued and extended the work of im-
porting parasitic enemies of our worst insect pests. For the purpose of importing
the parasites of the Larch Sawfly, the chief of which is the Ichneumon, Mesoleius
tenthredinis, I visited the English Lake District in January and discovered a
locality where I found the cocoons of the Larch Sawfly well parasitized. Arrange-
ments were made for the collection of the parasitized cocoons and these were
shipped to us in the spring. Mr. Swaine then took them with him to the Eiding
Mountain Forest Eeserve in Manitoba where we are attempting to establish them.
Our reason for establishing them on this western point is that this point appears
to be the present western limit of the spread of the Sawfly. I should say in
passing that I previously referred to the chief Ichneumon parasite of the Larch
Sawfly as Mesoleius aulicus, but it has since been found that the species which I
studied was a new species to which the name Mesoleius teyithredinis has been given.

Turning from our work in the Division of Entomology to pro-
vincial matters, it is a matter of great gratification to us all to be
able to record the development of entomology in the Provincial Depart-
ments of Agriculture as evidenced by the appointment of entomologists
in three provinces. In British Columbia, Mr. W. H. Brittain has been
appointed as Plant Pathologist and Entomologist, and we hope that he will
be able to find time to devote to insect pests as well as plant diseases, although both
offer enormous fields for investigation in British Columbia. In Nova Scotia Dr.
Eobert Matheson, late of Cornell University, has been appointed Provincial Entom-
ologist, and we are delighted to have succeeded by this appointment in bringing
back so hard working an entomologist to his native country. Mr. Caesar has been
appointed Provincial Entomologist for Ontario, although T understand that the
appointment has not yet been officially confirmed. His colleagues and friends will
be glad that his services for Ontario have thus been officially reco.gnized. With
these provincial appointments and the prospect «f co-operation between the
Division of Entomology at Ottawa and the Provinces, I look forward to a rapid
and useful extension of our work in the near future. We have an enormous field
to cover ancl we shall still have to spread ourselves out in order to touch even the
borderland of what lies before us.

Before concluding my address, T shall like on behalf of the Department here
to extend to you all a most cordial welcome. It is a source of unusual pleasure
for us to see gathered together representatives from so many provinces. We have
representatives from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec and Ontario, and papers
will be read from members in Manitoba and British Columbia Avho are unable to
be with us. The coming together in this way of entomologists from so wide an
area cannot but result in discussion which will be of the greatest value to all of us
in our work. I am sure that we shall all go away from these meetings feeling that
our deliberations have enabled us to advance in our work, so increasingly important
in helping on the development and increasing ihe productivity of this great country.

38 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

THE TEACHING OF ENTOMOLOGY IN OUR AGRICULTURAL

COLLEGES.

Prof. Wm. Lochhead, Macdonald College, Que.

In the discussion of this subject two points must be clearly kept in view :
lirsit, tihe curriculum of the colleges, and second, the object of the courses in
Entomology.

With regard to the first point, it should be borne in mind that the curriculum
of our Canadian Agricultural Colleges differs from that of Agricultural Colleges
in the various States of the republic to the south of us, in that our colleges for
the first two years arrange their courses in such a way that the students are able to
apply directly the information received on their home farms on their return.
Accordingly, considerable attention is given during the first two years to the study
of live stock, agronomy, horticulture, and dairying, where methods and practices
and the general principles underlying them are emphasized. But in order to deal
effectively with the general principles, some knowledge of chemistry, physics and
biology is necessary; hence those sciences are studied with the object of bearing
directly on agriculture.

The presentation of the subject matter in the sciences must necessarily be
different in a two-year course from that in a consecutive four-year course, which
prevails in the Agricultural Colleges in the States. Our Canadian colleges may
justly pride themselves upon the excellent adjustment of their curriculum to the
needs of their students. Results, I believe, have justified the wisdom of the
establishment of the Diploma Course and the Degree Course, np to the present time
at any rate. Future developments may demand a continuous four-year course
for the entrance for those who desire a degree in preparation for teaching, investi-
gation, etc. ; but I believe the Diploma Course will always be a necessity.

In view of the fact that our curriculum of the first two years is designed
especially for the Diploma Course, it is evident that entomology must be presented
in such a way that primarily it will help the young farmer to protect his crops.
At the same time we should not forget that entomology is a cultural subject, and
should be a means of training the young men to observe carefully, to experiment,
and draw conclusions. It should also give them an added interest in the great
world of nature about them, and enable them to get a glimpse into the wonderful
web of life with all its marvellous inter-linkages. This phase of the subject is, in
my opinion, one of the most important from the standpoint of citizenship. From
a study of the insect world it is an easy matter to direct their attention to inter-
linkages in the social world.

Another factor must not be lost sight of, and that is the short time available
for the study of entomology. We all know how crowded the curriculum is on
account of the number of valuable courses that must be given.

Now the difficult problem for the instructor is to determine the scope of his
course — what he should include and w'hat he should leave out.

In my judgment the main attention should be paid to the chief insects that
injure the staple crops, by a concise study of their appearance, life-history, and
methods of control. These studies, however, should be preceded by studies on the
structure of insects, both external and internal, and on the classification into
orders. Some attention should also be given to beneficial insects so that they may
be recognized.

1913 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 39

There is a difference of opinion as to the best method to pursue in discussing
the chief injurious insects in an elementary class. For some years I discussed
them according to tlie orders to which they belong, after the manner of J. B.
Smith's " Economic Entomology/' and I obtained fairly satisfactory results. By
this method the relationships of the forms discussed are kept constantly before the
minds of the students — a matter of some importance, I admit, for students who
may wish to pursue their studies further in the third and fourth years.

The other method is to discuss the insects according to the host after the
manner of Sanderson's " Insect Pests of Farm, Garden and Orchard," and
Saunders' " Injurious Insects of the Orchard," and Weed's " Insects and Insec-
ticides." The advantage of this method is that tlie student's attention is con-
stantly directed to the crops that arc injured.

Personally I am in favor of the latter method for the class of students we have
to deal with.

Third Year : In the Third Year, however, the students are preparing them-
selves to become investigators, teachers, etc. ; hence more attention should be
given to entomology as a science. Some familiarity with the families and chief
genera is demanded, and this can be best acquired by practical work in the labor-
atory. Comstock's Manual is perhaps the best book to use in this connection,
although Sanderson and Jackson's " Elementary Entomology " with its many
keys is also an admirable work. Its lower price will tend to make it more popular
with students.

My plan for the Third. Year class is to devote the fall term to a more detailed
study of the anatomy of some typical insects, and to a study of the chief families
and common genera, and the winter term to a more detailed study of the economic
forms. Sanderson's "Insect Pests of the Farm, Garden and Orchard" makes an
excellent text-book for the winter course, but it is unfortunate that the price is so
high. According to this plan both of Sanderson's works are necessary for the
year's work, but the cost of two such books is to some extent prohibitive.

For the same reason, the introduction of Sanderson's larger book for the
Second Year class meets with disapproval on the part of most students.

Fourth Year : The entomology of the Fourth Year is of necessity taken by
students who are specializing. Special problems are assigned for study and dis-
cussion, and methods of work and a knowledge of the literature are emphasized.

A New Book Needed: From what I have already said it may be inferred
that there is a pressing need for a textbook or handbook of entomology that will
serve the needs of the students during the Second and Third Years, and that will
at the same time keep the cost within moderate bounds.

I venture here to suggest a plan of contents of such a book, which would be a
handbook rather than a textbook. Part I would deal with anatomy, metamorphosis,
and reproduction, and would contain laboratory exercises. Part II would contain
host-keys for the identification of the injurious insects according to the manner
of injury done to the root, stem, leaf or fruit.

Part III would contain concise descriptions of these insects arranged accord-
ing to order and family; and simple keys might be inserted to enable the student
to identify them.

Part IV would deal with methods of control. Part V with general entom-
ology; and Part VI with collectins: and preservinsr insects. By a system of cross-
references full information resrarding the life-history and methods of control of
each insect could be readily obtained.

40 THE EEPORT OF THE No. 36

This plan would, in my opinion, make the handbook a most useful and
valuable work and guide. Moreover, much needless repetition would be avoided,
and the instructor could without much trouble select the portions best adapted to
his classes in both the Second and Third Years.

THE EISE IN" PUBLIC ESTIMATION OF THE SCIENCE OF
ENTOMOLOGY.

Rev. Thomas W. Fyles, D.C.L., Ottawa.

" Listen not to those who tell thee
That ours is a worthless study,
Worthless from the very smallness

Of the crbatures that we study;
Solomon, of men the wisest,
Taught a very different lesson."

— The Insect Hunters, Ed. Newman.

How great a change in popular opinion has taken place within the memory
of the older men among us in regard to the lesser objects of Creation, and those
who give attention to them. Men in former days were disposed to look upon
entomologists with contemptuous amusement. The people of Compton were wont
to speak of Gosse as "that crazy Englishman who goes about picking up bugs."

The common people, both in England and Canada, were profoundly ignorant
as to the nature, habits and life-histories of the smaller living things; and where
Ignorance prevails. Superstition finds admission.

Those were the days when the dragon-fly was called the Devil's Darning-N eedle ;
and Ocypus oJens, the Devil's Coach-horse. The Death's Head Moth (Acheroniia
atropos) was regarded as the herald of the king of terrors, and the red spider as the
harbinger of fortune. That prolific writer, Baring Gould, founded one of his best
stories upon the latter misconception.

The most eri"oneous speculations in regard to minute living things were in-
dulged. I call to mind the look of complaisant amusement, befitting one who
possessed superior knowledge, with which a man once regarded me, when I told
him that the hair snake (Gordius varius) came from an egg, one of a chain of
eggs laid by the mother Gordius. He had been one of a party led by a guide
into the wilderness in search of moose. After tramping some miles, the hunters
came to a stream. The guide, looking into the water, exclaimed, "Ah, there are
moose not far away ! Here are moose-hairs turned into snakes." The guide said
this — an experienced guide; and my friend believed it. Confidence in the guide
is necessary for the belief in modern miracles.

But while some country people were credulous, others were of a sceptical
turn of mind.

A country clergyman, desirous of improving his people, invited a well-known
microscopist from the city to give a lecture in his parish. The gentleman came,
and took for his subject "The Amoeba." This creature — ^which belongs to the
Protozoa — appears as a mere limbless speck of sarcode. When an impulse to move

1913 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 41

comes upon it, it extrudes a leg — if you choose to call it such — and then draws itself
into the leg; and so changes its place. "When it comes in contact with a particle
of food, it extemporizes a mouth and puts itself outside the substance. If this
proves suitable it assimilates it; if not, it ejects it at the nearest point.

The lecturer described the creature, and told of its ways, and made a witty
and interesting address; and then the people were dismissed. On their way home,
the village blacksmith turned to one or two of his cronies, and said sarcastically,
"Was it worth that man's while to come out all this way, and try to stuS us
like that?"

A perception of the importance of entomological pursuits was gradually brought
about in the public mind through the occurrence of a series of insect plagues —
the ravages of the Hessian Fly, of the Midge, the Locust, the Potato-beetle, the
Cabbage-worm, the Phylloxera, the Larch Sawfiy, etc. The trouble over these
induced men to read and spread the information published by Entomologists, as to
the nature of the pests, and the ways of combating them. And the impression was
made and deepened that an Entomologist was not one who merely engaged in the
childish sport of chasing butterflies, or indulged his miserly propensities by storing
away his captures.

One of the first publications to help the Canadian farmers to a right apprecia-
tion of Entomological pursuits was Hind's "Essay on the Insects and Diseases
Injurious to the Wheat Crops." It was awarded a prize by the Bureau of Agri-
culture and Statistics, Toronto, in 1857, and was distributed amongst the farmers
of the country. The copy I have was sent to George Boright, of East Parnham,
by James Moir Ferris, M.P. for Brome. When Mr. Boright died, his widow
gave the book to me.

The essay opens with —

A Treatment and Classification of Insects.

It treats of —

The Hessian Fly.

The Wheat Midge.

The Wheat Stem-fly, and other Depredators.

It describes —

Eust — Smut — Pepper Bread — Ergot. And lastly it tells of Insect Enemies of
stored grain.

Hind derived his information largely from American sources — from Fitch
particularly.

A delightful book that found its way to Canada was Gosse's Canadian Naturalist,
published by Van Voorst in 1841. In it the author tells of "Walks and Talks"
of a father and son, in the neighbourhood of Compton, Province of Quebec. Gosse
was master of the school at Compton when he wrote the book. I purchased a
copy of it in Hill's book store, Montreal, in 1862.

The peripatetic mode of teaching supposed to be carried on by the father
of the Canadian Naturalist was no new thing in the world. It was the mode
pursued by the noted educator Pestalozzi, and long before him by the philosopher
Aristotle ; and above all it was the method of Him who led his disciples over the
hills of Judea, and taught them divine lessons from common things.

Gosse may, or may not, have seen a work entitled "Spectacle of Nature, or
Nature Displayed," translated from the French by Samuel Humphreys, and dedi-
cated to "His Eoyal Highness the Duke of Cumberland." In the dedication of this

43 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

work the translator says: "The amiable qualities with which nature has enriched
Your Royal Highness, ha\ne been so happily cultivated by the best of educations,
that I am persuaded the wonderful scenes of Providence, so elegantly displayed
in this treatise, will not be considered by Your Royal Highness as an unpleasing
entertainment," etc. If I mistake not, this Duke of Cumberland was the same
who, seven years afterwards, on Drummossie Moor, slaughtered the followers of
Prince Charles Edward, and gained the title of Butcher Cumberland.

My copy of the "Spectacle of Nature" is one of the fourth edition, printed in
1739. It is profusely illustrated by Mkdam Cochin. The insects figured are easily
recognized. The dialogues in this work are supposed to be carried on by the Count
and Countess de Jonval, the Prior de Jonval, and the Chevalier du Breuil (the
youth under instruction). I obtained the book in a second-hand book-store in
Montreal.

No "doubt incoming naturalists brought in works of the masters in Entomology.
I have seen in Canada the productions of Swammerdam, Latreille, Kirby, Drury,
Stainton, Thomas Say — ^the father of American Entomology — and others, but these
would be read by few. I have also found in second-hand book-stores, popular works
likely to interest the young, such as, Knight's "Insect Miscellanies," London, 1831,
and the "History of Insects," Religious Tract Society, 1839. Seed had been
scattered.

A grand movement for the advancement of practical entomology was made
when the Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, M.A., of Cobourg, and W. Saunders, Esq., of
London, issued a circular, calling upon those interested in Entomology to meet
in Toronto, on the 16th of April, 1863. The following are the names of those
who responded to the call. Prof. W. Hincks, F.L.S., Prof. H. Croft, D.C.L.,
Beverly R. Morris, M.D.,* J. H. Sangster, A.M., and J. Hibbert, of Toronto;
Thomas Cowdry, M.D., and H. Cowdry, York Mills ; Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, M. A.,
of Cobourg; W. Saunders, London.

The Society formed at this meeting received encouragement and support from
the Ontario Government, and grew rapidly. It was incorporated in May, 1871,
and its first general meeting was held on September 27th in the same year. The
officers elected on that occasion were : —

President: Rev. C. J. S. Bethiune, M.A., Trinity College School, Port Hope.

Ti'je-President: W. Saunders Esq., London, Qnt.

Secretary-Treasurer : E. Baynes Reed, Esq., London, Ont.

Council: Prof. H. Croft, Unlversiity College, Toronto; Prof. J.Macoun, Albert
College, Belleville; R. V. Rogers, Esq., Kingston; J. M. Denton, Esq., London; J. Petit,
Esq., Grimsby.

Auditors: J. H. Griffith, Esq., and C. Chapman, Esq., London.

Of those whose names are given above three men are entitled to our deepest
respect and gratitude, because of the support they have given to our Society, and
because of their eminent services to the community at large.

Dr. C. J. S. Bethune, Professor of Entomology in Ontario Agricultural
College, was for many years the Head Master of one of our great public schools ;
yet, notwithstanding the many duties that devolved upon him, he remained all
the time, and has continued to this day, a firm supporter of the Entomological
Society of Ontario. We all deeply regret that a severe affection of the eyes keeps

* Dr. Beverly R. Morris returned to England shortly afterwards. He was a brother
of the Rev. F. O. Morris, M.A., Member of the Ashmolean Society, etc., author of a
" History of British Birds," " A Natural Hii-story of British Moths," and " A History of
British Butterflies."

1913 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 43

him from us to-day; and we devoutly wish him speedy relief and a complete cure.

Dr. William Saunders was President of the Entomological Society from 1875
to 1886, and Editor of the Canadian Entomologist, from 1874: to 1886. Ilis
appointment as Director of the Experimental Farms of the Dominion — a position
for which he was admirably fitted — was the cause of his retirement from office
in the Society.

We have as a token of Dr. Saunders' entomological ability, his valuable work
on "Insects Injurious to Fruits." For this, and in recognition of his many
scientific attainments, the Duke of Mantua and Montserrat presented him with a
handsome gold medal.

Professor John Macoun, F.E.S.C, F.L.S., Naturalist for the Greological Survey,
is noted throughout this continent for his ornithological and botanical works.

Such men as these could not but raise in public estimation any cause to
which they gave their names and support.

An important Government appointment, following upon that of Dr. Saunders,
was that of Dr. James Fletcher as Botanist and Entomologist for the Experimental
Farms. Dr. Fletcher's extensive knowledge, his genial manners, his ready speech
and his goodly presence, made him a very welcome visitor at meetings of Agri-
cultural, Horticultural and other societies, and he did muoh, throughout the wide
Dominion, to bring the study of Entomology favourably before the people.

Dr. Fletcher was one of those who, in 1879, established the Ottawa Field
Naturalists' Club, a very important association, the leaders of which conduct its
memlbers into the fields and woods, and point out to them the wonders of Creation,
and the lessons that may he learned from them. Mr. Arthur Gibson, so long and
so well known as an able Entomologist, is the Editor of its organ The Ottawa
Naturalist. The Club numbers over 300 members.

Another association worthy of our consideration is that which has its head-
quarters in Macdonald College at Ste. Anne de Bellevue — an institution that was
raised and endowed, at a cost of $5,000,000, by the munificent patron of learning,
Sir William Christopher Macdonald. The Association I speak of is the "Quebec
Society for the Protection of Plants." With it some of our best known Entomol-
ogists are connected — notably Professors Lochhead and Swaine. The Society has
issued four Annual Eeports, and also a capital list of the Lepidoptera of Quebec
Province, by Mr. A. F. Winn. These have been printed by order of the Quebec
Legislature. The Society has a membership of 60 persons.

Now consider for a moment the numbers I have adduced: —

After notice of meeting had been issued — 9 persons only — one of them a boy,
assemhled in Toronto to form the Entomological Society of Ontario; the Ottawa
Field Naturalists number now over 300; The Preservation of Plants Society, 60.
Do not these figures betoken an increased interest in Nature Studies ? Our Ontario
Entomological Society numbers at the present time 141 members.

In its early years the ^Entomological Society was disposed to itinerate. Its
annual meetings from 1871 to 1877 were held successively in Kingston, Hamilton,
London, Toronto, Ottawa and again in Hamilton; but for 28 years after, with but
seven interruptions, they were held in London. Members good and true resided
in that city and its vicinity; and the Geological, Botanical, Ornithological, and
Microscopical Sections of the Society there did excellent work. There, too, Mr.
J. Alston Moffat, most patient and obliging of curators, devoted himself to the
duties of his of!ic«. In the Annual Eeport for 1897 there is a picture of him and
of the library he loved so well.

44 THE REPOJRT OF THE No. 36

In 1907, by arrangement with the authorities of the Ontario Agricultural
College, the headquarters of the Society were taken up in that institution. The
most important gain in the removal was that the influence of the Society was
brought to bear upon the farm-students and teachers-in-training in the College.
A like advantage is enjoyed by the Society for the Protection of Plants, at Ste.
Anne's, which has both English-speaking and French-Canadian members.

When I moved to South Quebec in 1883, the Abbe Provancher was living at
Cap Eouge, and I had some correspondence with him respecting a saw-fly which
proved to be a new species. Provancher may be regarded as the father of French-
Canadian Entomology. He originated, and edited for twenty years, that useful
magazine, Le Naturaliste Canadien, which is still ably carried on by the Eev.
V. Huard, Director of the Quebec Provincial Museums, etc.

Provancher also published three volumes of "Faune Entomologique du Canada,"
the excellence of which is shown by the demand for them.

Now, there are good men in many of the French-Canadian parishes and institu-
tions giving attention to Entomology — notably the Eev. Abbe Eoy, of Levis, and
the Eev, Abbe Begin, of Sherbrooke.

Of the great and far-reaching influence that American Entomology has had in
Canada a ready token will be found in our reports and other literary productions.
I speak of the elegant little monogram formed of the letters C.V.E., standing
for Charles Valentine Eiley.

You will find this monogram in the cut of Agrotis ypsilo7i in Winn's list just
published; you will find it in that of the Clover Leaf Borer, in the last report of
the Quebec Society for the Protection of Plants; you will find it in that of the
Diamond-back Moth, in the last report of our own Society. It appears also in
Saunders' "Insects Injurious to Fruits," in the cut of the Codling Moth on page
127, and again in the cut of the Eotky Mountain Locust, on page 158. All these,
and many other illustrations we meet with, have been printed from electrotypes
from Eiley's drawings.

Charles Valentine Eiley, the marvellous boy, who, a poor English immigrant,
went to work on an Illinois farm, and then, as time passed on, by his untiring
perseverance, his powers of observation, his careful studies, his love of Nature,
his wonderful skill as a draughtsman, raised himself step by step, till he became
the chief of the Bureau of Entomology in the Department of Agriculture at
Washington, and was honoured with the degrees of M.A. and Ph.D. — how much
he did in the cause of Entomology, and how greatly his labours have benefited
us here !

Alas, Dr. Eiley was cut off, "in the midst of his days," by an accident — as
some one has said, "he rode to his death on a bicycle." Speaking to me on this
sad event. Dr. Bethune said: "Among Entomologists, Eiley was facile princeps."
The Entomologist's Monthly Magazine of London, England, had previously spoken
of Eiley as "the foremost economic entomologist of the day." Eiley was worthy
of much praise. But this can be truly said: Never was better work done in the
Bureau of Entomology at Washington than is done at this day, by Dr. L. 0.
Howard and his staff of zealous assistants. The pamphlets under the heads of
Technical Series, Circulars, and Farmers' Bulletins are excellent and are scattered
broadcast. They must have a wonderful effect upon the community at large.

A glance through our own publications will convince one that we are under
great obligations to American scientists.

1913 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 45

What pleasure and profit we have derived from addresses from L. 0. Howard,
F. M. Webster, John B. Smith, Ephraim Porter Felt!

Science knows no political boundaries; and between Canada and the United
States there has always been, and I trust always will be, free and unchecked
Entomological reciprocity.

Speaking of intercourse with the Americans, let me bring in an episode : —

Once upon a time when I was Rector of ISTelsonville (Cowansville and
Sweetsburgh), I received a request from Sheldon, Vermont, that I would give a
lecture upon "Our Insect Friends and Insect Foes." I complied, and, the winter
roads being good, I took my horse and sleigh, and one of my boys, and drove to
Sheldon. It was a long drive; but we reached our destination in good time for the
lecture. We had a full house. At the close of the proceedings we found that it
was snowing. It snowed all night, and all the next day (Friday), We were in
for what is called in those parts a three days' storm. At night I said to the
gentleman with whom I was staying : "1 must, if any means be possible, get home to-
morrow, for my Sunday duties." We planned that I should leave my boy and
team with him, till the roads were broken out, that I should take the train from
Sheldon to St. Albans, and catch the Montreal Express. This would carry me to
St. Johns, where I could take the South Eastern to Cowansville. Accordingly next
morning I went to the station. The storm was at its height. A man came in,
and as he shook the snow from his fur coat, exclaimed, "What do you call this — a
Canada thaw?"

I followed the course we had planned — reached St. Albans— caught the express
— I left it at St. Jolins — took the South Eastern — but, alack ! at West Famham the
train came to a dead stop — the line was completely blocked.

I took refuge with my friend, the Rev. T. W. Mussen, and, next morning, as
there was no movement on the line, assisted him in the services of his church. As
we were leaving the building word was brought to us that men with an engine
and snow-plough were about to open the track as far as Cowansville. I entered
the snow-plough. In it were half-a-dozen navvies with picks and shovels. Every-
thing was icy. We started — Thud — grind — hump — retire — charge again! And so,
for five hours. We reached Cowansville at half past six. I was cold, tired, and
bruised, but I found the sexton, bade liim light up the church and ring the bell;
and the Lord's Day did not pass without public worship in my parish.

I have given, by request, twenty-five such lectures as I gave at Sheldon, in
halls and school-houses, in different parts of the country; and the desire for informa-
tion upon entomological subjects— even from so poor an exponent of them as
myself — betokens, I think, a considerable advance in public estimation of the Science
of Entomology.

To go back a few years: Montreal at the time I lived in it was but a small
city. It had I think 66,000 inhabitants. I could find in it only one entomologist,
Mr. Barnston, who lived on City Councillor Street Mr. George J. Bowles and
Mr. William Couper then lived in Quebec.

Ten years after I left, five gentlemen met by chance on Mount Royal, and
decided to form a Branch of the Entomological Society of Ontario. They and
two others met on the 16th of October, 1873, and elected officers : —

President: William Couper.

Vice-President: H. Kolmar.

Secretary-Treasurer : P. B. CaAilfield.

Council: G. J. Bowles, P. Kuetzing, and C. W. Pearson.

Curator: William Hibbins.

46 THE EEPOET OF THE No. 36

lu the Notes of the Meeting, this sentence, which bears upon my subject,
appears: "Your Council strongly imj)ress on the members to use their influence
in promoting the knowledge of the importance of the study of entomology, more
especially with agriculturists and horticulturists, in order to enable them to
check the ravages of the numerous insects injurious to vegetation."

In the notes of the fourth Annual Meeting of the Branch, the name of Mr.
H. H. Lyman appears as one of the Council. At the eighth Annual Meeting he
was elected President, and again on the fifteenth.

The name of Mr. A. P. Winn appears in the sixteenth report of the Branch
as one of the Council, and in the seventeenth as Secretary -Treasurer.

Both Mr. Lyman and Mr. Winn have been zealous and helpful supporters of
the Branch to this day; and they and their fellow-workers appear to have faithfully
acted upon the suggestion of their Council above quoted.

At the close of his annual address as President of the Entomological Society
of Ontario, Dr. Wm. Saunders, in 1883, made use of the following words : —

"Who will press to the front, and fill the vacant places in our ranks?" Tlie
question has an air of sadness like that in the old song: —

"Who will fill our vacant places?

Who will sing our songs to-night?"

"One by one," continued Mr. Saunders, ''our busy workers pass away."

Yes, William Couper, (I will speak only of those whom I personally knew.)
G, J. Bowles, F. B. Caulfielcl, W. D. Shaw, J. M. Denton, Very Rev. Dean Innis, Rev.
Vincent Clementi, J. Alston Moffat, Captain Gamble Geddes, J. A. Balkwill, Prof.
J. H. Panton, Dr. W. Brodie, and Dr. James Fletcher have all passed the "Great
Divide," but they have left pleasant memories behind them.

"But," concluded Dr. Saunders, "our favourite branch of natural science still
lives, and will continue to assert its increasing importance, and to confer its benefits
on all succeeding generations."

While our Society continues to bring forward, or attract to itself, such able
men as are now filling its offices, and carrying on its affairs, its influence with the
public will not abate. x4.nd now with an expression of a hearty wish that these men
may have wider and wider opportunities for making known the wonders of the
Insect World, the benefits we derive from our Insect Friends, and the best means
of resisting the attacks of our Insect adversaries, I bring this, my seventieth con-
tribution to the Reports of the Society, to a close.

THE CHINCH BUG IN ONTARIO.

H. F. Hudson, Division of Entomology, Ottawa.

The present brief paper emhodies the result of an investigation into the
Chinch Bug situation in Western Ontario which was carried on during the past
summer, and for general interest I have included the most recent methods which
have been adopted in Illinois with such success to combat this well-known pest.
Probably no single insect pest has caused such fatal results to the staple grains
of America than has this one. Investigation work was hegun in the middle of

1913 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 47

May, but a previous brief visit to the infested area was made by Mr. G. E. Sanders
of this office in the early part of the year, when the bugs were in their winter
quarters, hibernating under leaves in woodlots and under rubbish of all descrip-
tions.

At the time of my visit, in the latter part of May, a large proportion of the
bugs we]'e in coitu, but I was then informed that they were noticed pairing at least
a week })revious to" this. A few pairs in copula were taken and put in pairs on
oat plants growing under glass chimneys to ascertain the earliest date of oviposition,
the period of egg laying and the number of eggs usually laid by a single female.
The first eggs were deposited May 28th, and these hatched June 18th, the average
egg production for the female being 95, the period of oviposition being 18-19 days;
but under field conditions the period of oviposition for the whole brood covers a
period of six weeks. The weather throughout was cool and moist, which no doubt
retarded the hatching of the eggs.

Fig. 14.— Chinch Bug.

Life History. The eggs are about .03 in. in length, elongate-oval in shape,
rather narrowly rounded at one end," and slightly squared at the other, from the
end of which may be seen four small rounded tubercles. The newly deposited egg
is whitish and translucent, but soon changes to an amber shade, and finally, as the
insect develops within, becomes definitely red. The Chinch Bug is dimorphic,
there being both a short and a long-winged form, and both forms are present, the
greater proportion, however, being of the long-winged type. Except after the final
moult, the immature stages are identical, and, so far as I know, they have never
been distinguished. The newly hatched larva is yellowish-red in colour, with a
whitish-yellow band on the three larger abdominal joints; from the second to the
third day the body becomes of a vermilion color, while the pale band across the
middle of the body becomes slightly darker. On the sixth day, the head and thorax
change to a dusky tint, the abdomen is still of a vermilion colour, the pale trans-
verse band is quite distinct, and two dark lines appear on the prothorax. Very
little change except growth takes place until the insects are a month old, when the
wing-pads are plainly evident. As growth continues, these enlarge, and the whitish
central band becomes more or less obliterated. Shortly after this the final moult
takes place. After shedding its skin, the Chinch Bug is of a pale pinkish colour
throughout, the wings extending either the wh<?le length of the body, or, in the
short-winged type, only one half the length of the body, with pinkish veins. Soon
after, two black dots appear on the wing covers, the head and thorax become
darker in colour and finally black. The adult insect is an elongate-oval, with
broadly rounded ' ends, about .15 in. in length, and its width about 1/4 as much.

48 THE EEPOET OF THE No. 3Q

The head and thorax are black, entire surface except the wings minutely hairy, the
wing-covers are milk white, with a triangular black scutelluni between them in
front, the whitish area giving it roughly the form of the letter X.

The first winged specimens were obtained August 11th, giving a life cycle of
54 days. Both species are single brooded, hibernating in the adult form. The
long-winged form differs from the short-winged type in that when most of them
have acquired wings flights of the adults occur, resulting in their dispersal through
the fields, and these flights were first observed Sept. 5th. and succeeding fine days.

Habits. The eggs are usually deposited on the leaf-sheath or ligule, but
sometimes underground, on the finer roots. The newly-hatched larvae for about
the first week of tlieir existence feed on the tender roots below the surface, and
usually out of sight. They may so feed for a month, for I have taken specimens
very delicate in body and color, with the wing pads partly developed, and on ex-
posure to light they would turn nearly black, almost immediately, but this must
be regarded as exceptional. They seek the higher and drier portions of a field, for
a wet location is detrimental to Chinch Bug progress. Hence it is the poorer con-
dition a field is in the more liable it is to serious injury, as where the growth is
rank, or the crop in good health, little injury will result.

Food Plants. The principal plants which have suffered most are the meadow
grasses generally; particularly is this true of timothy. Wheat, corn, and oats have
been very slightly injured, and in no case except where sueli a field was adjacent to
a meadow or pasture. This does not mean that they prefer the meadow grasses to
other crops, but simply that grain crops have been very scarce, and the succulent
nature of the grasses all through the summer has not caused them to migrate in
search of food.

Area of Infestation. The infested area covers about 5 square miles, embracing
altogether about 1,800 acres of pasture and hay land. These are what may be
termed grass farms, where the greater part of the land is always in sod. On the
other hand, where a regular system of rotation has been followed, and the land
ploughed up every three or four years. Chinch Bugs were very scarce, except in a
small woodland pasture, which was not deemed advisable to cultivate. Under the
present system of grass farming. Chinch Bug injury is likely to be on the in-
crease, unless we should be favoured with an open winter, or a wet summer, as
heavy rains at hatching time are disastrous to Chinch Bug progress. Such a sea-
son as we have experienced this year has materially reduced their numbers. Wet
weather at hatching time was a severe check to undue increase, and this was fol-
lowed later on in the season, in September, by the appearance of the white fungus
Sporotrichuni glohiiliferum, which killed about 25 per cent, at least.

The White Fungus. Inasmuch as the fungus is dependent upon suitable
meteorological conditions for its growth, it is sufficient to place it in the second or
third place as a suitable remedy for Chinch Bug extinction. In the latter part of
May I attempted to reproduce this fungus artificially. I am indebted to Mr. P.
A. Glenn, of the Illinois Experiment Station, for a pure culture of this fungus.
Suitable tight boxes were taken, approximately 2 ft. long. 1 ft. .wide and 14 in.
high. Into these boxes soil direct from the field was introduced. In one box the
spores of the fungus were introduced and thoroughly mixed with the soil, while
the other was used as a check. It must be borne in mind that neither soil nor
boxes were sterilized. Two to three inches of soil Avas placed in ihe boxes, thoroughly
moistened and about half a pint of bugs introduced to each box, and fresh food was

1913 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. i9

introduced as often as necessary. It is not necessary to cover :tlie 'box, a broad,
heavy chalk line near the top of the box is sufficient to impede their migration. In
the infected box the first diseased specimens appeared six days after introduction,
seven specimens being found, all mature and probably "spent" bugs. No other
specimens were obtained until 14 days after introduction, when 16 specimens were
found to be diseased. The experiment was carried on for a month, with no other
appearance of diseased bugs. In the uninfected box, not one diseased specimen was
obtained. Through the whole month the weather was extremely cool, and this can
be the only reason why the experiment was not a greater success.

Remedies. As the Chinch Bug hibernates under rail fences, tree trunks,
tufted grasses, leaves, and rubbish of all descriptions, the advantage of what may
be termed clean farming, and regular rotation is at once suggested. As far as prac-
ticable burn over all waste places in the fall as late as possible, so as to expose them
to the rigours of the winter. To be effective, the burning must be done thoroughly,
otherwise little or no good will result.

As most of the meadows infested are adjacent to woodlots in which the greater
part of the bugs hibernate, it seems reasonable to believe that if a strip of land next
the woodlot was ploughed in the early fall, and planted to wheat, it would serve as
an excellent bait crop for the bugs coming out of their winter quarters. An in-
viting food would be at first hand, the eggs would be deposited on the wheat plants,
where they could be promptly destroyed, bugs and all, by efficient ploughing and
immediately rolling the ground.

To eliminate the Chinch Bug from a badly infested meadow is practically an
imjx>ssibility, and, where the injury has been severe, the only recourse is to fall
plough the land and plant the same to a hoe or leguminous crop.

Should the bugs be numerous in a wheat or oat field, they may be trapped as
follows : Previous to the harvesting of the grain, a swath should be cut around the
infested field, and a space cleared with a hoe about 1 ft. wide. Post holes sihould
then be dug about 13 in. to 16 in. deep, and about 30 ft. to 35 ft. apart. As soon
as harvest starts a thin line of No. 7 asphalt road oil should then be poured on the
clear surface, touching the outside surface of the holes. As harvesting proceeds and
the bugs are threatened with starvation they wiTl eommence to migrate from all
parts of the field. As soon as they encounter the asphalt barrier they will be
forced by sheer numbers into the post-holes, when they may be promptly destroyed
by ponring in a little kerosene. To cite an instance of the efficiency of this method,
it may be stated that last year with V/2 barrels of oil round a 10-acre field of badly
infested wheat, three bushels of Chinch Bugs were collected in eight days in a field
close to Carbondale, Illinois. When a eorn field is adjacent to a pasture or hay
field, where the bugs are somewhat numerous and migrating on to the field of eorn,
they may be killed by spraying the corn with a ten per cent, solution of kerosene.

A little caution is necessary in using this substance. Do not pour the solution
into the heart of the plant, and spray preferably early in the morning or late in
the afternoon, otherwise the foliage may be burned. Unless the corn is vigorous,
the kerosene emulsion is not recommended, but in its place use the following mix-
ture, which is absolutely safe, but slightly more expensive.

2 ozs. soft soap.

y2 oz. black leaf 40 (40 per cent, nicotine).

1 gallon soft water.

4 E.S.

50 THE EEPOET OF THE No. 36

Heat the water to near boiling, thoroughly dissolving the soap, then add the
nicotine solution.

As the bugs injure the plant by sucking its sap, each bug must be hit by the
spray before it will succumb.

EVENING SESSION.

Tuesday, Nov. 19th, 1912.

A public meeting was held at 8.15 o'clock p.m. in the Normal School, which
was well attended by many visitors from the city as well as members of the society.
The meeting was opened by the Hon. Martin Burrell, Minister of Agriculture,
whose entertaining and humorous address was much enjoyed by those present. He
introduced the speaker of the evening, Mr. F. W. L. Sladen, who was recently ap-
pointed to the staff of the Division of Entomology, as Chief Assistant in Apicul-
ture, in which subject he is a leading authority. The subject of his address,
" Bumble-bees and Their Ways,"' is one to which Mr. Sladen has devoted many
years of careful study. The lecture was illustrated by many beautiful lantern-
slides and was most interesting and instructive.

BUMBLE-BEES AND THEIE WAYS.

F. W. L. Sladex, Assistant Entomologist for Apiculture, Division of

Entomology, Ottawa.

We have heard much of the wonderful instinct and industry of the honey-bee.
But little has been told of the bumble-bee, the honey-'bee's nearest relative in the
temperate zone, and the only bee that shares with it the important distinction of
living in communities. And yet, as I hope to show this evening, the bumble-bee
is a most interesting and intelligent insect. We have not been fair to the bumble-
-bees. It is partly on account of its usefulness in supplying honey and wax that
the honey-bee has attracted so much of our attention, and the result has been that
we have neglected our beautiful bumble-bees. Our neglect of the bumble-bee is the
less defensible because it, too, is a very useful insect in an indirect way. A great
number of plants bearing long-tubed flowers, including that most valuable fodder
plant, the red clover, depend for their existence on the bumble-bee, for it alone
visits these flowers to any extent and fertilizes them, no other bees having tongues
long enough to reach the nectar in them. In consequence of the absence of bumble-
bees in New Zealand the farmers there were unable to get their clover to produce
seed in any quantity. Bumble-bees were, therefore, imported from England in
1884, and two species, Bombus terrestris and B. ruderatus, were immediately ac-
climatised. As soon as these became plentiful the clover produced an abundant
crop of seed, and has been doing so ever since.

Students of the honey-bee ought to be specially interested in the bumble-bee,
for in many respects it shows an organization and civilization leading up to that
of the honey-bee, yet. and here is an interesting point, it is not midway between the
solitary bees and the honey-bee, but has developed on its own lines, and in its own
particular sphere is as perfect. as the honey-bee is perfect in its domain.

1913 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 51

In the bumble-bee, as in the honey-bee, the female sex has two forms, a re-
productive form called the queen and an industrious form called the worker. The
queen is larger than the worker.

Each colony contains one old queen which is the mother of the workers, of
which the major part of the population is composed. In the honey-bee the queen
is much more differentiated from the worker than in the bumble-bee. The honey-
bee queen is little else than a machine for laying eggs in enormous numbers. She
cannot gather food and is even unable to feed herself adequately. She is extremely
helpless and is always surrounded by the workers, who minister to her every want,
for, left alone, she would die. Her young are cared for by the workers. She takes
no part in feeding and nursing them. Her sting has lost its use as a weapon ex-
cept for combating rival queens.

But the bumble-bee queen is a much less specialized and more capable insect.
She has not sacrificed her instincts of industry, self-preservation, and affection and
care of her young to the god of reproduction like the honey-bee queen. Indeed, the
role she has to to play as the foundress of a large establishment containing a quan-
tity of juicy maggots, pollen, and honey, attractive food for a host of animals
ranging from mammals, such as badgers, weasels and shrews down to insects and
mites, some of which exist solely as parasites on the bumble-bee and her brood, has
sharpened her wits and we find her far more intelligent, industrious, and attentive
to her brood than any other bee, if not any other insect. In fact, the care she be-
stows on her young is comparable with that shown by birds and mammals.

Let us trace briefly the life history of a queen 'bumble-bee. It is no long mono-
tony, but is divided into stages, in each of which different instincts are brought
into play.

The males and queens are reared towards the end of summer when the colony
is at the height of prosperity. The first important event in the queen's life is
her marriage, and this is preceded by a short courtship. The males hover around
trees and banks, pausing in certain places to emit a fragrant scent like the odour of
flowers. It seems very probable that the queens are attracted to these spots by
their fragrance, at any rate they meet their mates, and each pair flies away to
enjoy a brief honeymoon. The male, small and insignificant as he is, then ceases
to be useful and soon dies, and the queen immediately enters on the second stage
of her career, which is to find a hibemacle in which to pass her long winter sleep.
In England several of the common species burrow into the ground. The queen
chooses a slope facing north or north-west, consisting of a well-drained and friable
soil and buries herself to a depth of about two inches, seldom more. It is evidently
damp and not cold that she seeks to avoid. Indeed, the northern aspect shows
that she prefers a chilly site, and one may guess that the reason is that she does
not wish to be disturbed by the sun's rays too early in the spring before plenty of
flowers are out and continuous warm weather may be expected. Other species
find sufficient protection in out-buildings and under subbish heaps. Possibly in
the severer climate of Canada the burrowing queens go deeper into the ground.
As soon as the queen has settled herself in her winter quarters she falls into a
torpor, which as the cold increases grows deeper and she lies like one dead. The
dark and cheerless months pass and in April — some species wait till May and
even June — ^she awakes and quits her grave. Keeping herself active and warm
with the nectar she sucks from the willow-catkins, maples, and other flowers, she
soon looks for a place in which to establish a colony. In England this is almost
always a nest that has been made and afterwards vacated by field-mice, voles, or

52 THE REPORT OF THE Xo. 36

other small mammals. Some of the species of bumble-bee^ select a nest situated
in thick grass. Others, and these comprise the larger num!)er, prefer to live under-
ground with a long and winding tunnel leading to tlie nest. Occasionally a bird's
nest in a hollow tree is chosen, and a nest Ijetween the double walls of an out-
building meets the taste of some species. I once found a nest in an old shoe and
another in a rusty kettle lying on a rubbish lieap o^ergrown with weeds.

The queen teases the material in the centre of the nest with her legs and this
makes it very soft and dry. Then she crawls into the middle of it and tramps it
down, forming a warm and cozy cavity. Here she accumulates a lump of pollen
about the size of a pea, and on this lump she lays her first batch of eggs which
number about a dozen. The eggs are laid in a little cell of wax which is con-
structed on the top of the pollen, and after they have lieen laid the cell is sealed
over with Avax.

The process of poUen collecting is very interesting. The pollen dust gathers
in the long body hairs with which all bumble-bees are densely clothed, and it is
brushed out of these by the middle legs and conveyed to the mouth where it is
jnoistened with honey. The moistened pollen is then transferred to a particular
spot on the bristly inner side of one of the joints of the hind leg called the meta-
tarsus or planta. This is really the first joint of the foot. The next joint above
the metatarsus, namely the tibia, is provided at the end on the inner side with a
comb which is used to scrape the moistened pollen ofE the metatarsus of the oppo-
site leg into a receptacle at the end of the tibia. When the leg is straightened a
projection on the base of the metatarsus enters the receptacle and pushes the
pollen out of it on to the outer side of the tibia. As the result of many such con-
tributions the well-known pellet of pollen is formed on the outer side of the tibia,
and it is held in by a wall of stiff hairs surrounding it and acting like the stakes that
farmer places around his wagon when he desires to carry hay. Two or three stitf
hairs stand in the entrance to the pollen basket. The object of these seems to be
to form a means of attachment for the pollen before a sufficient quantity has accu-
mulated to be held by hairs at the sides.

In the honey-bee the pollen collecting apparatus on the hind legs is essenti-
ally the same, but it is more specialized. The moistened pollen is spread over the
whole of the inner side of the metatarsus, the l)ristles tliere being arranged
in ten transverse rows, and they hold the pollen in greater quantity, while the
comb on the end of the tibia used for scraping it out of them is a very efficient
instrument. Its efficiency is enhanced by the fact there are no spurs on the end
of the tibia in the honey-bee, though these are present in the bumble-bee and all
tlie solitary bees and are useful to these in performing their toilet.

It was formerly believed that a bee hardly ever visited more than one species
of flower on the same journey, but careful observers have foujid that under cer-
tain conditions changing from one species to another is not rare, and this has
been proved by the presence of variegated loads of ]-)ollen. Bumble-bees are more
inclined to change from one species of flower to another than honey-bees. This is
especially true in the case of the common European species Bomhus ierrestris,
which is cJosely related to the Canadian species B. ierricola. In a nest of B. ier-
restris that I kept under observation in July this year, 40 per cent, of the workers
returned home with variegated loads. In order to discover exactly how the pollen
basket is loaded I took sections of a number of the variegated loads collected by
the workers in this nest. In one of the most interesting of these, no less than
eight successive kinds of pollen were distinguishable. ■ The sections showed clearly

1913 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. -53

that after the pellet had reached a certain size every fresh lot of pollen contri-
buted iis forced in as a wedge between the pollen previously gathered and the sur-
face of the tibia. The growing lump is occasionally patted by the middle leg to
keep it in shape.

The wax of the bumble-bee is secreted by glands situated beneath the mem-
branes connecting the segments of the upper side of the abdomen, not in the
underside of the abdomen as in the honey-bee. It is much inferior to beeswax,
being soft and stick}', and its color is brown. It varies in tint and softness accord-
ing to the species. It is scraped otf the body with the brush on the inner side of
the hind metatarsus, and worked up with the mandibles.

To return to the commencing nest. The queen next begins to construct a
waxen cell or honey -pot to hold the honey she collects. It is always formed in
the entrance to the nest. When finished the pot is large, being about % in. in
diameter. It is very fragile but it remains watertight for about a month, which is
as long as it is needed. The picture is from a photograph I took of a honey-pot
of Bomhus lapidarivs. In fine weather the queen is so industrious that she fills the
honey-pot to the brim with thin nectar in two or three hours, and this is sufficient
to feed her throughout the uigiit.

A constant supply of nectar enables the queen to maintain continuous anima-
tion and so to incubate her eggs, which need to be kept warm for three or four
clays before they hatch. The larva^, always hidden under their waxen covering, are
fed by the queen with a mixture of honey and pollen. She churns up the mixture
in her honey-sag, makes a hole in the wax covering with her mandibles, spues out
the food amongst the larvse and then' closes the hole. The larvse also feed upon
the pollen on which they rest.

In eleven days from the time the eggs were laid, the larvae, still covered with
wax, are full grown and spin their oval cocoons. From these the perfect bees emerge
about 22 dq^'s after the eggs were laid, that is to say, if the queen has been able-
to incubate the brood contimiously, but a few days longer if, through stress of'
bad weather, it ims been allowed occasionally to get chilled. As the brood ap-
proaches the time of hatching the queen becomes doubly devoted to it, and she sits
for hours spreading her body to nearly twice its usual length over it. At this
stage molestation makes her buzz angrily and cling closely to the brood, whereas
at an earlier stage it Avould frighten her and probably make her desert. It is in-
teresting to note that these first larvfe arrange themselves and spin their cocoons
in such a way as to derive the greatest heat from the queen's body, those at the
sides being at a higher level than those in the middle; thus a groove is formed
just the size of the queen's body and here she sits. This groove, I notice,
runs in the direction of the honey -pot, never in the opposite direction across the
nest.

This first brood consists entirely of small workers which help the, queen to
gather food and to incubate and feed the succeeding batches of brood that de-
velop from the eggs that the queen now lays in increasing numbers. These eggs
develop into workers larger and more capable than the first. The queen hence-
forward remains at home devoting herself to egg-laying and other home duties and
so she enjoys a well-earned rest from the labour of gathering food, a fitting reward
for having, single-handed, brought the colony into being through long and patient
labour.

The colony noAv becomes busy and prosperous and honey is stored in the
vacated cocoons and also in waxen honey-pots specially constructed to receive it-'

64 THE EEPORT OF THE No. 36

Pollen is also stored in the old cocoons or in specially constructed waxen cells,
which are by some species attached to the bunches of larva?. The photograph here
shown is of a nest of Bomhus lapidarius. Notice the wax-covered bunches of larvae,
the clusters of cocoons and the waxen honey-pots filled with glistening honey. In
one place an old cocoon containing pollen may be seen.

The number of workers produced varies according to the species. In some of
the underground dwelling species, for instance, Bombus lapidarius, it amounts to
about 300, while in some of the surface nests it does not exceed 60. The
males and queens are reared after the workers, and they h^ave the nest as soon
as they are fledged. By this time the workers are getting old and worn and they
die off rather quickly. Finally the old queen herself perishes, but this event is
often preceded by a kind of Indian summer in which, having no more egg's to lay,
she becomes quite lively and youthful looking again. Death, when at last it
comes, is probably painless. A cold night and an empty cupboard caused torpor,
as it did on many occasions in the early part of her career, but this time there is
no awakening. And so ends the recently busy community.

Bumble-bees have many enemies. Perhaps the greatest are of their own kind.
In the case of two of the commonest British species, Bomhus terrestris and lapi-
darius, a queen finding a commencing nest of her own species attaches herself to
it. The old queen remains friendly with the intruder until she has eggs to lay.
Then a battle royal takes place and one of the queens stings the other to death.
I have found as many as twenty dead terrestris queens that have been killed in this
way lying under a terrestris nest. There is a whole genus of lazy bumble-bees
named Psithyrus whose nature it is to prey on the industrious bumble-bees in much
the same way. Each species of Psithyrus preys on a particular species or group
of species of Bombus. The Psithyrus is destitute of the pollen-collecting apparatus
on the hind legs and is quite incapable of establishing a nest and providing food
for her young. She is a heavy, lazy, dark-winged individual. Her skin is ex-
ceedingly thick and hard, the plates covering the abdomen fitting closely over one
another, forming a coat of mail to protect her from the stings of the Bombus
queen. She prefers to find the Bomhus nest when a few workers have hatched.
Here she devotes herself to winning popularity, and as soon as she finds that
sufficient eggs have been laid to produce a good number of workers she murders
the unfortunate Bombus queen and compels the ^vorkers to become her slaves and
rear her young, for she producas no workers of her own kind, only males and
queens.

Sometimes the Psithyrus fails to find the Bombus nest until many workers
have hatched. These attack her furiously and generally succeed by long-continued
efforts in killing her by stinging her in some joint between the harness, such as the
neck or insertion of the wings. It is a remarkable fact that the Psithyrus queens
do not fight among themselves. 'Should more than one find the same nest the others
slink off to search for other nests, leaving the first one in possession. Should a
Psithyrus queen find a nest of a different species of Bombus to that on which she
naturally preys she lodges in it night after night, compelling the Bombus to share
with her the food the latter has collected until she finds a nest of her true host.
Another striking fact is that the Psithyrus usually resembles in colour the species
of Bombus ,on which it preys. This mimicry cannot be for protection from the
Bombi for they meet only in the nest where it is quite dark. Probably the mimicry
is due to the slightly greater protection from the attacks of birds, most of
which avoid bumble-bees, afforded bv donning the warning livery of their more

1913 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 55

abundant and better recognized hosts. By so doing the Psithyrus passes as one of
them and does not attract any particular attention when associating with them.
Coloration is very unstable in many species of Bomlus (and Psithyrus), for in-
stance, B. lapidarius, which in England is black with a red tail, has in many parts
of Europe three bright yellow bands as well, and there is a strong tendency towards
convergence in diiferent regions. In north-eastern Europe the convergence takes
the form of melanism. In Canada, dingy yellow with a black band or two and
occasionally a belt of red across the abdomen, is the favourite pattern, while in the
Caucasian Mountains the yellow bands tura white.

I have made several attempts at domesticating bumble-bees. One of the most
successful of these has been by the use of an artificial domicile made by digging out
a cavity in grassy ground with a trowel and placing an artificial nest made of dead
grass in it. A wooden cover with a tin plate rim is placed over the nest and a
tunnel is made for the bees to go in and out with an iron implement driven through
the ground with a mason's hammer. This device has attracted the queens of Bombus
lapidarius in great numbers and also a few queens of several other species. It might
be successful in this country with some of the plentiful species.

For studying the habits of bumble-bees I have, during the past two years,
employed a wooden hut on the shelves of which I have placed my nests in little
■wooden boxes covered with glass. Each nest communicates with the outside by
means of a special wire tube, up and down which the bees soon learn to pass. When
the nest is small, one small box will hold it, but as it grows a larger one is placed
on top and later a third one, still larger, is added. For strong nests a fourth box
is needed. To keep the nest sweet and clean it is necessary to place a tray contain-
ing earth between the nest box and the end of the wire tube. A sheet of glass is
placed over the tray and the entering and departing 'bees can be observed passing
under it. The next slide shows a comb of Bomhus terrestris built in one of t^ese
nest boxes. In these boxes we can see everything that the bumble-bees do in their
nest, such as constructing the cells, depositing honey and pollen in theau, the feed-
ing of the young, the laying of the eggs, the spirited defence of the new-laid eggs
by the queen against the attacks of the workers who endeavour to devour them,
the hatching of the. young bees, which are often assisted by their older sisters in
their struggles to get out of their cocoons, and many other details.

Bumble-bees occur further north than honey-bees. As they do not have to store
honey for the winter they can exist where the season is short and flowers compara-
tively scarce. The light nights of the arctic are an advantage to them, for they
work on the flowers as long as they can see and their furry coats help them to
withstand the cold. In the collection of humble-bees at the Central Experimental
Farm, Ottawa, are some specimens from Nottingham Island, in the Hudson Strait.
Species have also been recorded from the Boothia Peninsular, and I have seen a
specimen from Melville Island. There can be no doubt that bumble-bees inhabit
almost the whole of Canada, and that they play an important part in the preserva-
tion of the native flora. Several unknown species probably occur in Northern
Canada and I am anxious to get specimens of these for our collection, while speci-
mens from the better known regions, provided they arc sent in sufficient numbers,
are also likely to include interesting varieties and possibly novelties.

The red clover, which is almost exclusively fertilized by bumble-bees, is an
important fodder crop to the Canadian farmer. In the Ottawa district there seem
to be more than enough bumble-bees to fertilise the red clover, but Mr. Morley

56 THE REPOET OF THE No. 36

Pettit, the Provincial Apiarist, tells nic that in some parts of Ontario bumble-bees
are scarce, and that a farmer in one of these districts got a splendid crop of red
clover seed by procuring nests of ibumble-bees and putting them around the field.

At the close of the lecture a vote of thanks to Mr. Sladen for his interesting
and instructive address was proposed hj Mr. Grisdale and seconded by Prof.
Lochhead.

SECOND DAY'S SESSION— WEDNESDAY, 20th, 1912.

At 9.15 a.m. the members met in the Carnegie Library, and the session com-
menced with the election of officers for 1912-1913. A list of these is given on
page C.

An interesting address was then delivered by Mr. J. H. Grisdale, Director of
the Dominion Experimental Farms, who spoke of his early entomological associa-
tions and of his warm friendship for the late Dr. James Fletcher, by whom his first
real interest in entomology was awakened. He referred to the importance and
value of the work that is now being done in economic entomology in Canada,
particularly by the Division of Entomology, and of the rapid development of the
Division since the appointment of Dr. Hewitt as Dominion Entomologist. He
expressed his keen interest in the work of the Society, and his readiness to do any-
thing in his power to assist in the advancement of economic entomology.

The remainder of the forenoon and the afternoon were devoted to the reading
and discussing of papers, all of ^vihich appear in the following pages.

Dk. Hewitt: Owing to Mr. Tothill's illness, I shall read his paper, as I am
liaturally well acquaimted with the work wliich Mr. Tothill has been carrying on.

As I told you when we last met. we proposed to start the introduction into
Canada of such parasites as we could obtain of the Brown-tail and Gipsy Moths.
Experiments in this direction are now being carried on and this season we have
instituted field stations for the purpose ; one has been established in New Brunswick
and one in Nova Scotia. Mr. Tothill's Avork in New Brunswick has been directed
especially to the question of the introduction or the possibility of the introduction
of parasites of the Brown-tail Moth. The Brown-tail Moth in New Brunswick
has spread over a very large area during the past two seasons, and it seems to us
that the only method of combatting this pest was to import the controlling parasites
of the insect. With that object in view, I made arrangements Avitli Dr. Howard,
of the United States Bureau of Entomology which, as you know, during the past
few years have been importing from Europe and Asia parasites of the Gipsy Moth
at an enormous expense. We are, therefore, able to make use of the results of
the work of tlie United States Department of Agriculture in this connection, in
view of Dr. Howard's willingness to assist us in this manner. One of the two
insects that we could make use of is a Carabia beetle which is predaceous on the
Brown-tail and Gipsy Mbth larvfe. It also feeds on the caterpillars of certain
other native insects. You will thus realize that this insect is extremely useful
on this account. Therefore, we decided to import that insect as one of the two
yaluable enemies in checking the Brown-tail Moth. The other insect parasite is a
fly, a Tachinid, which Mr. Tothill has studied specially; this is parasitic on the
larvffi of the Brown-tail Moth and the Gipsy Moth and other native insects. Mr.
Tothill's paper is as follows.

1913 E^NTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 57

PROGEESS OF THE IXTEODUCTIOX OF THE INSECT ENEMIES OF

THE BEOWN-TAIL MOTH, EUPROCTIS CHRYSOBRHOEA

LINN. INTO NEW BEUNSWICK AND SOME

BIOLOGICAL NOTES ON THE HOST.

J. D. TOTHILL, DlVISIOX OF EXTOiEOLOGY, OTTAWA.

During the season just closed a beginning was made at the suggestion of and
under the general supervision of the Dominion Entomologist, Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt,
in the introduction into New Brunswick of the insect enemies of the Brown-tail
Moth. Owing to the fact that the host insect is at the present time exceedingly
scarce in the Province, attention has been necessarily confined to the introduction
of facultative rather than obligate species. Of these facultative species, special
eifort has been made to introduce two spcies both of which are native to Europe
and both of which have become established, through the efforts of Dr. L. 0. Howard,
Chief of the United States Bureau of Entomology, and his assistants, in Massa-
chusetts. Each of these species has abundantly proven its practical worth in
Massachusetts as a valuable factor in the natural control of both the Brown-tail and
Gipsy Moths.

These insects are respectively the Tachinid parasite Compsilura concinnata
Meig, and the predatious ground beetle Calosoina sycophania Linn.

In order to secure a supply of the Tachinid fly, a journey was made by the
writer to Boston during the first week of July. This resulted in the collection of
12,000 caterpillars of the Gipsy Moth from points in Massachusetts where the
parasite was known to be plentiful. These caterpillars were placed in Fiske trays
and through the kindness of Mr. A. F. Burgess were given quarters at the Gipsy
Moth Parasite Laboratory at Melrose Highlands. Within ten days' time the very
satisfactory total of 2,395 puparia of Compsilura was obtained from the trays;
these were picked out of the trays from time to time and sent by mail to
Fredericton.

The shipments arrived at Fredericton in excellent condition, and there were
sufficient puparia for the establishment of two strong colonies. Suitable localities
were found near St. Stephen and Fredericton respectively, and consequently these
two places served as the liherating points for the parasites. After the time for
the issuance of the adult flies had expired the puparia were examined, and it was
found that about 75 per cent, had successfully given the adult; this gives a total
of about 850 adult flies for each colony.

In the ease of the Fredericton colony an oibservation was made demonstrating
the fact that this Tachinid is a strong flyer and is capable of rapid dispersion.
At a point three miles from the point of lil>eration as the crow flies, some cater-
pillars of Hijpliantria cunea were collected and subsequently dissected; these were
found to contain first stage maggots of Compsilura so easily recognized in this
stage hy the presence of anal hooklets and by the feeding locality. The observation
is of special interest in that the female fly responsible for the three maggots had,
in order to find the particular caterpillars, to cross the Elver Si. John, which at the
place is almost three-quarters of a mile wide. Thus' a fertilised female fly of
Compsilura is capable of flying three miles, including a body of water, almost three-
quarters of a mile wide before the completion of larviposition.

In regard to the predaceous ground beetle Calosoma, a single shipment was
received on June 11, through the kindness of Dr. L. 0. Howard, and Mr. A. F.

58 THE EEPORT OF THE No. 36

Burgess. It consisted of 80 adult beetles collected in the field near Melrose High-
lands, Massachusetts. All were in excellent condition on arrival and were im-
mediately paired off, each pair being placed in a glass breeding jar partly filled
with earth.

Breeding operations were continued throughout the summer, but with only
fair success, as the season was unusually cold and wet, the liberal supply of food
necessary for strenuous reproduction was found to be hard to maintain, and it
seems likely that most of the beetles were young ones (1 year old) which normally
have a very much smaller reproductive capacity than old specimens {2 years old).
Sufficient larvae were reared, however, to enable an experiment to be planned with
the view of finding out whether or not these insects in the pupal state will survive
the boreal winters of New Brunswick.

Toward the end of the breeding season a small colony of the adult beetles was
planted near St. Stephen, and the remainder of the beetles, some fifteen pairs, were
allhowed to go into hibernation under laboratory, but at the same time natural, con-
ditions at Fredericton. These latter will afford data on the subject of hibernation
of the adults under New Brunswick conditions.

Next spring, therefore, exact data will be available on the ability of Calosoma
to hibernate in both the pupal and adult conditions in this Province. Should
hibernation prove successful in both conditions it will be possible to conduct
extensive breeding operations at the laboratory next summer.

The remarkable success which has attended the introduction of Calosoma
sycophanta into Massachusetts leaves it to be sincerely hoped that the insect may
flourish equally well in boreal as in transition zones. On visiting Massachusetts
this summer this insect was more in evidence than any of the several insect enemies
of E. chrysorrhoea and P. dispar that have been introduced up to date. The writer
had occasion to examine several hundred burlaps within a radius of five miles of
Melrose Highlands and it was no uncommon occurrence to find five or more
Calosoma larvas under a single burlap, while it was quite uncommon to find a
burlap without any of the larvse.

Before leaving the subject of Calosoma, the opportunity may be taken to
record an American parasite of this European insect. One of the adult beetles
soon after its arrival from Massachusetts died. It was opened up and found to
contain four Tachinid larvfe. ^ Two of these were reared through to the adult
state and proved to be Biomyia georgice B & B. This insect is recorded* as a para-
site of two native Calosomas namely C. calidum Fab. and C. peregnnator Guer.

In addition to Calosoma and Compsilura there are four more insect enemies
of the Brown-tail Moth, all true parasites, known or suspected to be in New
Brunswick. The ones known to be in the Province are respectively the egg parasite
Trichogramma sp. reared last year by Mr. George Sanders of the Division of
Entomology from eggs of the host secured in Charlotte County ; and the Tachinid
fly Phorocera leucaniw Coq., a puparium of which was secured this summer from
a host caterpillar mailed to the laboratory by Mr, P. N. Vroom from Charlotte
County. Both of these are native insects. The two species suspected to be in the
Province are Pteromalus egregius Forst. and Monodontomenis aereus Walk., both of
which through the efforts of the United States authorities were introduced into
Massachusetts a few years ago and both of which have recently been found in the
State of Maine not far distant from the New Brunswick border.

*J. M. Aldrich, Cat. N. A. Diptera, 19(^5, p. US.

1913

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

59

The presence in, or in proximity to the Province of New Brunswick of these
four parasites naturally sugg"ests the question of whether or not the insect enemies of
the Brown-tail Moth now established in Massachusetts will be able to withstand
the colder winters of New Brunswick; the change involved is of course from the
transitional to the boreal life zone (these as recognized by Dr. C. Hart Merriam).
No definite statement can be made at the present time either one way or the other.
At the same time, considerable evidence bearing upon the subject has accumulated,
all of which supports the theory that the insect enemies introduced from Massa-
chusetts will flourish equally well in New Brunswick: the native Phorocera and
Trichogramma are known to be parasites of the Brown-tail Moth in both Massa-
chusetts and New Brunswick; the imported Pteromahis and Monodontomerus by
natural spread from Massachusetts have almost if not quite reached the borders
of New Brunswick; the host insect has shown itself adapted to the climate of
Massachusetts and New Brunswick, and an insect with a wide climatic range may
be reasonably expected to carry a sequence of parasites with the same range ; and
finally by making a study of the parasites of Hyplianiria in both places, the writer
has found that the sequence of parasites on that insect in each place is precisely
the same, and if the parasites are the same for Hyphantria in both places analogy
would argue them the same for Euproctis.

In regard to the Brown-tailed Moth itself it was found that the life history
of the insect in New Brunswick differs at the present time in two points of con-
siderable economic interest from the life history in Massachusetts; these two
points are (1) in the selection of the host plants and (2) in the number of eggs
deposited by each female.

In the matter of host plants the bringing together of the host records of all
the winter nests found in the Province during the winter destruction work of
1911-12 shows that pear, plum, and willow trees, which are favorite hosts in
Massachusetts, are scarcely attacked in New Brunswick. The following table serves
to illustrate the point:

List of Trees and Sheubs ox which Nests are Found.

Host.

No. of B.T. Nests.

% of total nests.

Apple ,

Pear

Plum

Choke Cherry

Pennsylvania Cherry

Maple

Bilberry

Elm

Oak

Willow

Poplar

Thorn

Beech

89.55
04
51

1.83
48
44

3.26
61
08
04
04

2.97
08

100.00 approx.

The column at the right hand side indicates the percentages of the total nests
that were found on the particular hosts. It will be seen that nearly 90 per cent,
of the total nests were found on apple, 3.26 per cent, on bilberry, 2.97 per cent.

60 THE EEPORT OF THE No. 36

on thorn, and so on clown the list, whilst only a very small per cent, were found on
pear, plum and willow. In the case of pear and plum the explanation is readily
found in that, whilst these trees are plentifully grown in ^Massachusetts they are
rarely met with in iSTew Brunswick. In the case of willow, however, the same
explanation will not hold, as in the Province of New Brunswick willow trees are
quite plentiful, especially along the hanks of rivers and streams, and the species
are almost certainly the same as those found in Massachusetts — yet only one nest
out of a total of 2,45'2 was found on willow !

Two reasons for this suggest themselves, one of which is found in the origin
of the New Brunswick moths. It has been abundantly established that the pre-
vailing north-easterly winds have played an important role in the distribution
of the pest on the North American continent; and moreover it is reasonaJble to
suppose that moths hatched out on high lands have been more subject to this
method of distribution than those hatched out in valleys and sheltered places.
The primary supply of moths in New Brunswick was therefore probably blown into
the country from the high lands or 'ridges' of the adjoining State of Maine. The
host plants on these high lands are conspicuous, arguing from the similar conditions
of Charlotte County, New Brunswick, by an absence of willow, and would be
made up largely of apple, bilberry, choke-cherry and thorn. This at least partially
accounts for the absence of New Brunswick nests taken on Salix.

Another reason may probably be found in the tendency of the moths to breed
back or lay their eggs upon a host plant of the same species upon which their
respective caterpillars were reared. This 'breeding back' is a well-known and well-
established trait among certain Lepidoptera with a choice of food plants, and
there seems no reason for supposing that E. chrysorrhoea is not subject to the
tendency. If the insect is subject to the tendency it would not be expected, in
view of the scarcity of Salix in the localities from which the New Brunswick
supply of moths originated, that willow would be selected as yet in the Province
as a food plant.

These two factors working either separately or more likely together seem to
be sufficient to account for the peculiar difference in the food habits of the moth in
New Brunswick and Massachusetts. iVs the insect increases in the Province, and
food plants become relatively scarce there M-ill probably be developed a strain
depositing eggs on willow — and also on elm.

Before leaving this subject of host plants it may be pointed out that just
as the lack of nests found on Salix can be explained so and in precisely the same
manner can the abundance of nests found on apple, bilberry, thorn and choke-
cherry be explained. From these four host plants was bred the original stock that
was blown into New Brunswick; the moths found themselves blown onto the
'ridges' of Charlotte County where plants of the same si>ecies were abundant; the
tendency to breed back onto the original host plants was present; and the result
was that 97.61 per cent, of all the nests found in N. B. in the winter of 1911-13
were taken on apple, bilberry, thorn and choke-cherry.

In regard to the Qgg laying capacity of E. chrysorrlioea, there was found to be a.
decrease in New Brunswick as compared with Massachusetts of 110 less eggs
per female. In 1907, Mr. A. H. Kirkland* had 389 winter webs collected at
various points throughout the then infested district and examined; these gave an

*A. H. Kirkland, Third Annual Report of the Superintendent for Suppressing the
Gipsy and Brown-tail Moths, Boston, 1908, pp. 168-169.

1913 EXTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 61

average larval content of 386 per web. This spring (1913) the writer instigated
an examination of 131 webs collected at various points in New Brunswick; these
gave an average larval content of 175.81 per web, or approximately 110 less larvae
per web than in the case of the more southern relatives and progenitors.

This discrepancy probably appears slightly greater than it actually is on
account of the fact that as the total number of feathered enemies apparently
remains unchanged, while the total number of caterpillars becomes greater it
would naturally be expected that birds would be responsible for a greater mortality
of the wintering larvffi in the thinly infested Canadian area than in the thickly
infested American one. Also Mr. Kirklaud's nests possibly contained a few more
'compound' ones than did the Canadian ones. These two factors, however, by no
means eliminate the discrepancy.

The explanation of the discrepancy seems to be that the lighter females, i.e.,
those containing fewer eggs, have better chances of flying long distances and that it
is therefore only such moths that have up to the present time succeeded in reaching
New Brunswick. Lower temperatures may also possibly have a tendency to reduce
the number of eggs laid, but there is no direct evidence in support of such a view.

The two points in the biology of the Brown-tail Moth that have just been
mentioned are both illustrative of differences between the insect in Massachusetts
and New Brunswick.

SAX JOSe; SCALE IN NOVA SC0TL4.
G. E. SaxdeeS. Divisiox of Extomology, Ottawa.

In scouting for Brown-tail moth in the orchards of the Annapolis Valley
during the season of 1910-1911 and 1911-13 the inspectors were, to a certain
extent, on the lookout for San Jose Scale. As the San Jose Scale had never been
reported from Nova Scotia, and the majority of the imported nursery stock came
from Ontario, where it was considered that proper measures were taken to safe-
guard the buyer, the chances of finding Scale were thought to be very remote.
Inspection during 1913, however, proved this opinion in regard to trees shipped
into Nova Scotia to be very inaccurate.

On April 8th, while scouting the property of Thomas Wagner of Aylesford,
some Stark trees of 1911 planting from Ontario were found to be moderately
infested with what appeared to be dead San Jose Scale. It was plain that unless
this was an exceptionally bad lot of trees, the finding of living San Jose Scale was
only a matter of inspecting a large enough number, no matter how well the fumi-
gating was carried on.

As the Brown-tail moth work occupied the time fully until May 1st, no time,
during that month could be spent in hunting for living Scale. The matter of finding
dead Scale was reported to Principal Cumming, Provincial Secretary for Agriculture
for Nova Scotia, through Dr. Hewitt, and he immediately published notices in the
newspapers asking the owners of recently imported Ontario trees to report them and
an inspector would be sent to examine 'the stock. In this way many lots of trees
were reported and examined, but no living San Jose Scale found. In addition, the
1912 importation was examined as it arrived and it was the exception rather than

G-3

THE REPOET OF THE

No. 36

the rule to find a lot of trees arriving free from San Jose Scale. About 30 per
cent, of all trees arriving from Ontario bore more or less San Jose Scale. In re-
considering the situation in the Thos. Wagner orchard at Aylesford, it seemed
impossible that adult female scales should remain on the trees since the autumn of
1910, although the previous examination had revealed none living. On May 38th,
these trees were examined for a second time, and three living Scales found on one
tree. Principal Gumming was immediately notified, and on June 3rd, a mass
meeting under the auspices of the Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' Association was
held at Kentville, and recommendations were made by then that -la force of in-
spectors at once be employed to examine all recent importations from Ontario and
that regulations be framed governing the further importation of nursery ■ stock

Fig. 15. — Pear infested with San Jose Scale.

into Js'ova Scotia. On June 4th, regulations were passed by the Province of Nova
Scotia empowering their inspectors to destroy without indemnity trees infected^
with living San Jose wherever found, and such adjacent trees as they thought
necessary. Application was made by Principal Gumming to the Ontario Nursery
firms doing business in Nova Scotia for a list of their customers covering the years
1910-11-12, and the largest " jobbers " in Nova Scotia at once furnished lists of
customers supplied with Ontario stock by them. With these lists to start with, the
first of the inspectors started working systematically from Aylesford on June 5th.
The inspectors formerly employed on Brown-tail moth were the first to be taken
on, on account of their knowledge of the country and of dealing with the public,
and it is mainly due to this fact, that the inspection was so successfully carried
on. The number of inspectors from this date until Nov. 1st varied from six to
twelve. The inspectors first devoted their attention to the districts where planting
was heaviest and the orchard interests most important, viz., the district about

i9i:

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

63

Middleton, Berwick and Kentville. As it could not be determined if the Scale ou
1913 trees was living or dead the trees of 1911 planting were first examined.
About one week after starting, living Scale was found on five trees of 1910 planting.
This, together with the fact that the nurseryman's lists were very slow in
arriving, and in some cases very inaccurate as well as incomplete, compelled a
change of programme. The lists for the time were abandoned and a house to
house canvass of the whole Annapolis Valley for trees of 1910-11-12 planting from
any point outside of Nova Scotia. On the first inspection all trees of 1910-11
planting were carefully examined, and on the second inspection which started
about July 20th, all trees of 1912 planting were carefully examined and infested
plantings of 1910 and 1911 looked over for the second time. During September
inspectors were sent to the districts lying near the Valley and to the counties of
Digby, Yarmouth, Queens, Shelburne and Lunenburg, while the Chief Provincial
Inspector with our assistant remained in tlie Valley to make a more thorough in-
spection of some plantings which were in doubt and to attend to complaints and
reports of uninspected stock, etc.

Pig. 16. — Part of stem infested with San Jose Scale.

During the season, the whole western portion of Nova, Scotia has been
covered. Every suspicious tree of which any trace could be obtained examined,
and every house in the Annapolis Valley between Windsor and Digby visited in
the effort to locate all recently planted nursery stock. In all 157,065 trees of
1910-11-12 planting, distributed on 1,742 properties throughout Kings, Annapolis,
Hants. Digby, Yarmouth, Shelburne and Lunenburg Counties were examined.
The following table gives the results of the summer's work:

Total No. of properties
carrying outside
Nursery Stock.

No. of properties carrying

stock infected with San Jos^

Scale living or dead.

No. of properties

carrying living San

Jose Scale.

1910

1911

1912

247

699

1,023

.3

71
711

.3
71

127

Total

1,742

785

201

64

THE EEPOKT OF THE

Xo. 36

Total number of trees examined 157,065

Number of trees of 1910 planting destroyed ' 7

Number of trees of 1911 planting destroyed 345

Number of ti'ees of 1912 planting destroyed 34I

Total number of trees destroyed .• 693

Percentage of total planting of 1910-11-12 destroyed 0.4414

Estimated percentage of trees of 1912 planting infected 30

Number of nurserymen shipping stock infected with living San Jose Scale

into Nova Scotia g

The infected properties were scattered over Hants, Kings, Annapolis, Digby
and Yarmouth Counties or about 175 miles of territory. In most cases the trees
showed signs of fumigation and a large proportion of the trees in 1912 plantings
showed most of the Scale to be dead. It was common to find only one or two

Fig. 17. — San Jose Scale; an infested twig, scales and larvae on back much enlarged.

trees bearing living Scale in a lot of 100, while often 50 to 60 per cent, bore dead
Scale. Only one lot apparently arrived in 1912, which had not been fumigated.
Lots of one variety from one nursery almost invariably bore living San Jose Scale.
Whenever Scale was present on this variety, it was alive, and on the more heavily
infested lots there was no dead Scale beyond the ordinary winter-kill. In one lot
of 100 of tliese trees the inspectors destroyed 25, the highest percentage fouu'd.
In closing, mention must be made of the high class of work done throughout
by -the inspectors and to the attitude of the fruit growers of the Valley to the
work in hand. Soon after the work started, the Valley was flooded by letters from
Ontario nurserymen, some assuring people that their trees were absolutely clean,
that they had never had Scale in their nursery, and that if their trees bore Scale
it had got on the stock after planting in Nova Scotia. Others cited well-known
authorities to say that it was impossible for living Scale to be on their trees after
the treatment they had received, and asked if they were sure that the inspctors.

1913 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 65

knew San Jose Scale. Others v/ent so far as to assure people that the spray for
San Jose Scale was of so much benefit to their orchard that it was a positive
blessing; and that they could not understand why the inspectors destroyed the
trees. On account of the previous work of the inspectors being well and favour-
ably known, and the fruit growers knowing what San Jose Scale meant to them,
once they were convinced that living Scale was present, they were ready to do all
in their power to help in the work of eradication. The fact that on 200 of the
201 properties on which trees were destroyed, the owners assisted the inspectors
in every way, and the most common complaint was " Why couldn't you get to my
place sooner?" shows that the fruit growers of the Annapolis Valley are more alive
to the danger from importing noxious insects than probably any other district in
eastern America. On the other hand, that the inspectors dealt with such a number
of people and in spite of nurserymen's assurances and no compensation for the
trees destroyed, and in only one case were slight objections made which were dome
away with in a few minutes, speaks for their tact and the respect which they have
gained.

At the present time it seems a possibility to eradicate the Scale in ISTova
Scotia, although the idea is scorned by most entomologists. However, the follow-
ing points are in favour of eradication: The Scale is all on trees of 1910-11-12
planting. So far it has not been found spreading from the trees on which it was
imported; the people of Nova Scotia will, to a man, do e/erytliing in their power to
help in the work of eradication; and lastly. Dr. Matheson, who recently took the
work in charge, has to assist him under H. Gr. Payne, Chief Provincial Inspector,
the finest lot of inspectors the writer ever had the pleasure of directing.
Me. Caesar: On what dates did you find the scales running?
Mr. Sanders: The first scales were found moving on the trees about July
10th, perhaps earlier.

Mr. Caesar: Are you sure? July 1st is the earliest date this year for the
Niagara District, and Nova Scotia has a colder climate than Southern Ontario,
where the San Jose Scale is found.

Dr. Hewitt : I should think there would be a difference of about a fortnight
between Niagara and Nova Scotia.

Mr. Sanders: The scales were very abundant about the middle of July on
the trees on which they were found.

Me. Caesar: Were they 1912 trees?
Mr. Sanders: 1912.

Mr. Caesar: Did you find any trees on which the scale was moving later?
Mr, Sandees: Yes, as late as in August.
Me. Gibson: What is the average date for Ontario?
Mr. Caesar : The average date is between June 10th and 30th.
Mr. Caesar: Do you think that, considering climatic conditions, the San
Jose Scale is likely to be sufficiently serious in Nova Scotia to be of economic
importance ?

Dr. Hewitt: We cannot attempt to answer that question, and we should
give no insect the chance to become of economic importance if such a likelihood is
possible and it is in our power to prevent it.

Mr. Caesar: The reason I ask this question is that in Ontario the most
northerly record for the San Jose Scale is Woodstock, and although trees infested
with the scale have been planted year after year throughout Ontario, yet east of
5 e.s.

66 THE REPORT OF THE A^o. 36

Toronto, where there are many young orchards and where the scale must have been
sent as well as to Nova Scotia, we know of no orchard that is infested with the
scale. I know that temperature alone does not control the San Jose Scale; but it
would seem very probable that it would not thrive in Nova Scotia, as it has been
prevented from gaining a foothold in Eastern Ontario by climatic conditions.

Mk. Sanders: There are two things in favor of its becoming a serious pest
in Nova Scotia: First, it survived the winters of 1910-11 and 1911-1.2, which were
quite cold in Nova Scotia. The worst infected trees we had were of 1910 planting.
One of the trees was very badly infested. Second, the lowest temperature in the
United States, where the scale occurs, is 15-18 degrees below zero, and Mr. Caesar
has said that the scale will survive a temperature of 33 degrees below.

Mr. Caesar: For a short time only.

Dr. Matheson: In Idaho the temperature sinks to 30.^ degrees below, at
Binghampton 40 degrees below, yet the San Jose Scale survives. Nova Scotia is
not very different in temperature from Western New York. I have had much
pleasure in listening to Mr. Sanders' paper, and speak in high commendation of
his work. It is my hope that the San Jose Scale may be speedily controlled.

Dr. Hewitt: The discovery of the San Jose Scale in Nova Scotia has been
in a way responsible for the appointment of two Provincial Entomologists, Dr.
Robert Matheson for Nova Scotia, and Mr. L. Caesar for Ontario. Mr. Caesar
will have a serious task in dealing with the question in Ontario, on account of the
great interests and the many difficulties which many nurserymen raise. I know
it will be a hard task for the next few years to get things in good order. The
regulations passed by Nova Scotia will have a beneficial effect generally. The
inspection of nurseries in Ontario is absolutely necessary, and we know that the
fumigation has been and is in many cases carelessly carried out. We have assisted
in bringing about this requirement concerning inspection, whereby Ontario
nurserymen will not be allowed to ship stock into Nova Scotia unless inspected
and found free from scale. The work of Mr. Caesar in connection with this in-
spection service will be of much help in this problem which we have to face.

Mr. Caesar : Much information is still wanted in Ontario. I have been
thinking over many nursery questions, and had planned a thorough study of this
matter before I was appointed Provincial Entomologist and before the question in
Nova Scotia came up. I have not been responsible for the inspection work up to
the present time. The discussion of the San Jose Scale in the newspapers, etc.,
has done a great deal of good, and anything that serves to emphasize the import-
ance of clean stock is a benefit. The legislation of Nova Scotia will be very
disastrous to the nurserymen of Ontario this year. It is claimed by the nursery-
men that stock arriving in Nova Scotia after the journey, and being subjected to
what would be a second fumigation there, would probably result in injury to the
trees. As a test of the fumigation work in Ontario, I took heavily infested trees
and placed them in various places in the fumigation building and apparently all
the scale was killed. I hope that, if we get the expected grant, we may have
enough men and inspectors to inspect the various nurseries thoroughly.

Mr. Gibson: Are the houses tight?

Mr. Caesar: This is being looked into. The whole question will be
thoroughly invpsti2fiilc\

1913 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 67

EECENT WOEK ON THE APPLE "MAGGOT IN ONTAKIO.
William A. Eoss, Division of Entomology, Ottawa.

This past season I devoted most of my time to an economic study of the Apple
Maggot in Eastern Ontario. In this investigation I had a very capable and help-
ful co-worker in Mr. Chas. Good, a Guelph student, who acted under the instruc-
tions of Mr. Lawson Caesar, Provincial Entomologist. I am sorry I cannot
eulogize my other co-worker, the weather man. He served chiefly to try my
patience by substituting rain water for liquid baits, by drowning larvae, and by
making everything wet and unpleasant.

I have now the pleasure of presenting to you a report of the investigation.

Emergence of Adults, Etc. In the Bowmanville orchard in which we did
most of our work, adults were in evidence from the first week of July to mid-Sep-
tember. (The period of emergence in our rearing boxes extended from July 6th
to August 20th). However, no egg laying was noticed until the third week in
July.

Some entomologists have an idea that flies, developed from maggots which
infested early apples during the previous season, leave the soil before those
developed from late fruit larvae. However, this is merely a supposition and not a
fact. According to our daily record of emergence, adults bred from fall varieties
actually commenced to leave the soil before those bred from early Harvest apples.

Adults in Confinement. Our attempts to study the habits of adults in
confinement met with every indifferent success. Two cages made of fly screen were
hung on trees and each was so arranged that a branch bearing apples was inside
it. We also constructed from the ground up a cage big enough to enclose a large
branch well laden with fruit. Adults were confined in these cages. However, in
place of observing these flies at work, we spent most of our time replacing their
dead bodies with other adults — all, with the exception of two females, refused to
live longer than four or five days in confinement. One of the exceptions completed
lier third week and the other lived four weeks. When fourteen days old
the latter was found in copula with a sexually mature male which we had
introduced into her cage. 7'wo days after this she tried to oviposit; however, on
this occasion and on all later occasions her attempts were ineffectual. She would
extrude her ovipositor, raise herself and go through ovipositing motions, but she
seemed to be too sluggish and lazy to pierce a passage through the cuticle, the tip
of her ovipositor would merely slide up and down the surface of the apple.

I cannot understand why these confined flies did not respond in a more satis-
factory way to our care. They were not cramped for room (especially in the large
cage). They were provided with nourishment and moisture and lived under con-
ditions as natural as possible.

Incubation of Egg. In ascertaining the duration of incubatiou of the egg,
we marked newly made egg punctures, then four, five and more days after marking
them we opened the punctures and examined the eggs. The average period re-
quired for incubation was six days, the minimum, four and three quarter days;
the maximum nine days.

The fact that the rate of growth of the larvae keeps pace with the maturing
of the fruit was noted by us, but as this interesting feature of larval development
has been commented on so frequently, I shall not dwell on it.

68 THE EEPORT OF THE No. 36

MoKTALiTY OF Eggs. The mortality of eggs is considerable. During the
latter part of August after the major portion of the egg laying was done, we
ejxamined a large number of egg punctures for hatched, healthy and dead eggs.
The average per cent, of dead egg& (infertile and diseased) in the September
Sweet (autumn variety) was 17.4 per cent.; in the Snow (early winter variety)
34.9 per cent.; and in the Northern Spy, 17.1 per cent.

Mortality of Eggs and Labvae. The mortality of both eggs and larvae
was very high in all varieties, as the following table will testify:

Variety

Time of Maturing.

Per Cent, of Mortality of
Eggs and Larvae.

Harvest Summer

September Sweet Autumn

Snow lEarly Winter

Spy Late Winter . .

77 per cent.
88 per cent.
97 per cent.
98 . 7 per cent.

Baits and Eepellants. Adults before and during the egg laying period
readily lapped up fruit juices and sweetened liquids. We served a varied diet of
apple juice, diluted syrup, cut bananas and water to the flies in the cages. In our in-
vestigation of remedial measures we made use of this knowledge of the insect's
feeding habits. Poisoned molasses was spread on several branches, other branches
on other trees were treated in a similar way Avith Tanglefoot. Each Tanglefoot
trap was sprayed with a different sweet smelling, attractive liquid. The essence
of pear, peach and banana and citronella oil were used. Tin pans containing
poisoned cider, essence of pear, citronella oil, and kerosene were also suspended on
the branches of badly infested trees. However, the only bait which gave us any
results was the kerosene. In seven pans of kerosene we secured at different times
twenty males and eight females.

With the object of repelling egg laying females, nine tin pans containing
crude petroleum were hung on a Tolman Sweet. But instead of repelling, the
petroleum (or rather rain water with a scum of petroleum) attracted, as vouched
for by dead flies in the tins.

Spraying. We tested two spray mixtures, one composed of arsenate of lead,
glycerine and molasses and the other of paris green, glycerine and molasses, but
neither yielded satisfactory results. We did not notice any adults feeding on the
spray material. If any of them did, not enough died to make the spraying worth
the cost.

Cultural Methods of Control. It does not seem to be possible to prevent
the escape of flies from the soil by burying the pupae at a considerable depth with
the plough, or by covering them with a baked crust of clay, or with a thick
turf. One hundred pupae were placed at a depth of six to seven inches, and
another hundred at twelve inches. Forty-one of tlie former and nineteen of the
latter emerged.

Two plots of stiff clay, in each of which one hundred pupae had been buried
at a depth of two inches, were watered and then rolled. The sun, as you can
imagine, baked the top crust and made it appear as impervious as a flagstone.
However, forty adults out of the possible two hundred managed to penetrate
through the hard clay.

1913 ENTOMOLOGIOAL SOCIETY. 69

In a grass plot, sod was turned and one hundred pupae were placed beneath
the thick turf. Twenty-eight adults came to the surface in this experiment.

The results obtained from these experiments will demonstrate to you the
uncanny power these small, fragile looking creatures possess of working their way
up to the surface.

Shallow cultivation, as a remedial measure, was given a trial. Two plots
infested with pupae were worked frequently with a hoe and rake to a depth of two
inches. From one plot sixty-five adults and from the other thirty-one appeared.

Exposure of Pupae. Pupae exposed to frost and other weather agents stand
a very poor chance of becoming adults. Only one male developed from two
hundred pupae which were exposed over the winter and spring.

Soil Fumigants, Etc. Interesting results were derived from our work on
the destruction of pupae with soil fumigants and other chemicals.

Plots containing pupae (one hundred in each) were treated with Apterite,
Vaporite and Cliff's Manurial Insecticide and these fumigants were worked into
the soil. Similar plots were soaked with 1)rine, lime sulphur, pyrethrum (in
suspension), kerosene emulsion and copper sulphate. The following table shows
the results : — -

„, . , Date of first I x- \.]u]\^ No. Adults in

Chemical. Tr^,o,.„.,.„,. ^o- Adult;,. n,,nlioafp.

Emergency. | ^'"- -^""'^^- Duphcate.

Vaporite ; ' ' 25 5

Cliff's ManuriaHnsecticide ' ''28 j 3

Brine (2 lbs. to 1 gal.) "12 36

Lime Sulpliur (1.03) "13 ! 44

Pyi-etlirum (1 lb. to 20 gals . ) \ "14 j 47

Kerosene Emulsion (Double Normal) I " 17 I 11

Copper Sulphate (1 lb. to 5 gals. ). . . | "12 44

Check "9 j 58

Duplicate Check I " 8 48

Apterite July 11 15 1

' -- ' - 3

3
27
33
23

38

Destruction of Fallex Fruit. Some day we may discover a satisfactory
spray mixture or a perfect soil fumigant, but until that day we shall have to rely
chiefly on the old remedial measure of destroying fallen fruit.

According to the data, which we have collected during the last two years,
on the emergence of maggots from fallen fruit, an orchard can be freed from
Apple Maggot by picking up summer apples every other day, autumn and early
winter varieties every second week and winter varieties every third week.

I have with me a table whioh points out in a very marked way the influence
which the cold and backward weather of the past summer had on the emergence
of maggots:

THE REPOET OF THE

No 36

Emergence of Maggots from Fruit.

Variety .

Time of Maturity .

Dropped . Em ergeiice .

Interval
Elapsed .

1911

Harvest

Early Strawberry Seeding.

September Sw^eet

Snow ^ . . . .

Spy '.....

1912

Harvest

Early Strawberry Seedmg.

September Sweet

Snow

Summer.

Autumn

Early Winter
Winter

Summer ,

Autumn

Early Winter

Spy : Winter

July 31 .
Aug. 4 .
Aug. 8 .
Sept. 15
Sept. 22

Aug. 15.
Aug. 17.
Aug. 24.
Aug. 27.
Sept. 13

Aug. 3.
Aug. 12
Aug. 23
Oct. 7.
Oct. 23

Aug. 29.,
Sept. 3.,
Sept. 12,
Sept. 16,

Nov. 15 .

1911

3 days
8 days

15 days
21 days
31 days

1912

14 days

16 days

19 days

20 days
62 days

If you care to look at this table you will notice in the case of harvest apples
that the number of days which elapsed between the dropping of the fruit and the
coming out of the larvae, was four times as long this season as it was during the
summer of 1911.

Chickens and Cultivation. In endeavouring to prove that chickens will
do valuable work in controlling this pest in small orchards, we covered two plots
(each with one hundred pupae) with two extra large rearing boxes. We confined
two hens in each box, and left tihem in over two weeks. The plots were kept
cultivated. The chickens did not receive an over-liberal supply of food and were
thus forced to scratch amongst the loose soil for a living. Their quest for food
must have met with some success because'^ no flies appeared in either box.

During the fall of 1911, 165 pupae were placed within a marked portion of a
chicken run. This piece of ground must have been worked over pretty thoroughly
by the 'hungry poultry, because only two adults escaped from it this summer.

Natural Hosts. Regarding the natural hosts of the Apple Maggot I have
little to say, Mr. Good and myself found it at work on a seedling crab-apple
which was in close proximity to a badly affected orchard. We examined a large
number of hawthorns in Durham and Hastings Counties, but discovered no trace of
the insect on them. However, Mr. Swaine was kind enough to send us infested
haws which were collected in the neighborhood of St. Anne's, Que., and avg secured
larvae and pupae from them.

Varieties Attacked. I have listed over thirty varieties of apples, which I
have found attacked by the Apple Maggot in 1912, and I am strongly inclined to
think that no variety is exempt. Harvests, Sweets (September, Tolman, etc.),
Snows, and Spies are probably the most seriously affected varieties in Ontario.
Acid apples such as Astraehan and Duchess are muc/h less subject to injury than
sub-acid and sweet varieties.

1913

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

71

Varieties Attacked

Degrees : Very high

Medium

Very low

AND Degree of

.1 High

. 3 Low

Infestation.

2

4

5

Variety

Degree of Infestation

Remarks, etc.

Alexander

4
4
5
3
3
2
3
5
2
3
4
4

4
3
2
5
4
5
4
4
3
1
2
2
4
1

1
3
3
1

4

Sometimes badly attacked.

Astrachaii

Baldwin

Bellefleur

Ben Davis

Crab-apple

Only one variety and this early

Culvert

ripening.

Duchess

According to F. Dempsey — 2.

Gravenstein

Greening

Holland Pippin

Hopkins Seedling

(Red Astrachan in character)
Hurlburt

Jennetting

Johnson's Seedling

King

Maiden Blush

Pewaukee

St. Lawrence

September Sweet

Snows

Sometimes very bad.

Spy

Stark

Mrs. Belman, Bowmanville.

(Red sweet apple)

Meadows, Port Hope.

Wagners

Yellow Harvest

Comments. In some orchards certain varieties may be exempt from attack,
whereas in others these same varieties may be badly infested. In an orchard near
Bowmanville none of the Ben Davis were punctured; on the other hand, in a place
near Port Hope and another near Stirling this variety was badly attacked.

In affected orchards seedling trees are practically always badly infested.

Distribution. Chiefly through the courtesy of Mr. Caesar I have records of
the occurrence of this pest in the following counties of Ontario: — Prince Edward,
Hastings, Frontenac, Northumberland, Durham, Ontario, Wentworth, Lincoln,
Welland, Norfolk, and Carlton.

I should be very grateful if any member of this Society would add to this list.

MJR. Gibson: Some years ago I carried on some breeding experiments. The
depth to which the larvse burrow in confinement is of much interest. In one jar
I had put about eight inches of earth, and some of the larvae burrowed to the
bottom of the jar, where they pupated.

Mr. Ross: I had twelve inches of earth and ninety per cent, emerged.

Dr. Hewitt : What was the usual depth ?

Mr. Eoss: Possibly about three-quarters of an inch. Most of them.

72

THE EEPOET OF THE

No. 36

Dr. Hewitt : I think Mr. O'Kane of Xew Hampshire found that the average
depth of pupation was one and a half to two inches.* It is an important point
to decide at what depth the larvae usually pupate in connection with any system
of cultivation as a means of control. The insect I am most familiar with, namely
the house-fly, can emerge in sand from a depth of five to six feet, and I have no
doubt that the Apple Maggot can emerge from a greater depth than eight inches
in a light soil; a great deal depends on the character of the soil.

Mr. Eoss : These larvae had bored in sandy soil. The larvae of course pupated
differently. Under fallen fruit and in the fallen fruit itself, especially in the.
case of crab-apples. Of course the percentage of mortality of pupae is very high.

Dr. Hp:witt : Have any pupated in merchantable fruit ?

Mr. Eoss: No.

Mr. Swaine: How is the fruit destroyed? Is it sufficient to cover it with
lime and earth.

Mr. Eoss: I did bury some with lime, and twenty per cent, came through.

Mr. Swaine: I know of a certain ]\Ir. Shepherd, who boiled the infested
fruit and fed it to stock.

Mr. Eoss: I must mention that in the evaporators there are quantities of
infested fruit used.

INSECTS OF QUEBEC FOE THE YEAE 1912.
C. E. Fetch, Division of Entomology, Ottawa.

Not arriving until the latter part of July at the Field Laboratory, Covey
Hill, Quebec, my report will be somewhat faulty.

The Tent-caterpillars were very bad this year; many unsprayed orchards were
entirely defoliated. From observations, I believe that the Forest Tent (Malacosoma
disstria) is worse than the Apple Tent (Malacosoma americana). Some Hymen-
opterous parasites were reared from the pupsP of the Apple-tent. Some twenty
bee-hives were entirely destroyed by bee-moths. Both the Larger Wax-Moth

Fig. 18.

-Round-headed Apple Tree Borer {Saperda Candida)
a, larva; &, pupa; c, adult.

{Gallena mellonella) and the lesser Wax-Moth (AcJiroia grisella) having been
present. Several plum and hirch trees were badly infested with Terrapin
Scale {Enlecanium nigrofasciatum) . Oyster Shell Scale (Lepidosaphes ulmi)
was very plentiful. Large numbers of the scales were found on the fruit of
the apple and the plum, causing it to be greatly mis-shapen in many cases,

1913

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

73

especially Duchess apples. The Green Aphis {Aphis pomi) was very plentiful,
especially on nursery stock, and suckers. Some of the people sprayed with arsenicals
to control it. It caused discoloration of Yellow Transparents by little red spots
forming. The leaves of some maple trees were falling about the middle of August
because of aphis injury. Buffalo Tree Hoppers, Snowy Tree Crickets, Blister
Beetles, and Flea-beetles were fairly common. The foliage on a few plum trees
was very badly distorted by numerous finger-like galls caused by Eriophyes sp.

The bees in this district were found to be suffering very badly from European
Foul brood (Bacillus alvei). Grasshoppers and Potato Beetles were not
very plentiful. The Apple Leaf Miner (Tischeria malifoliella) was ex-
tremely prevalent in some orchards. Grape vines and Virginia creeper were very
badly attacked by leaf-hoppers (Typhlocyha comes). They lost the greater portion
of their foliage very early owing to these insects. Both apple-tree borers (Saperda
Candida and Clirysohothris femorata) were present in considerable numbers. Stink
Bugs (Pentatomidae) were common and the Tarnished Plant Bug (Lygus
pratensis) appeared in large numbers, especially in the hoed crops, la'te in the
season.

Fig. 19. — Flat-headed Apple
Tree Borer {Chrysobothris
femorata) ; a, larva; &,
pupa; d, adult.

Fig.

20. — Apple Curculio.

Tlie four most important insects in this district were the Apple Maggot, or
Eailroad Worm {Rhagoletis pomoneUa), Codling Moth {Carpocapsa pomonella),
Plum Curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar) and the Apple Curculio (Anthonomus
quadrigibhus) , and they rank in that order as to injury.

The Apple Maggot was most injurious on Tolman's Sweot, Alexander, and
Lowland Easpberry. Mr. E. W. Sheppard, Como, P.Q., reports severe injury, due
to this insect. Mr. Eoss has worked especially on this insect and I leave him to
describe it in detail. The Codling Moth was plentiful, and it has received Mr.
Caesar's careful attention, I leave any questions about it for him to answer. The
most injurious insects are the curculios. In some cases this year the fruit could
not be sold, because it was so badly disorted. Plums, apples, and pears were
badly affected. The plum curculio was the more injurious one on Duchess.

The Apple Curculio Anihonomus quadrigibhus, however, is the more import-
ant of the two in this distict, and is the most injurious insect in the vicinity of
Covey Hill. So far as I could find out, it has received very little attention, and
is reported in books and bulletins as ''sometimes injurious." However, in this
district it is deserving of a thorough investigation. It was reported by Mr. N. E.
Jack, Chateauguay Basin, P.Q., as very injurious to early apples.

74 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

It can be easily distinguished from the Plum Curculio by its snout, which
is as long as the rest of its body, and is carried straight in front. It has, also,
four humps on the sloping portion of its elytra. It is light-reddish-brown to
dark-reddish-brown in color, and is about one-quarter inch to one-third inch long.
It docs injury by egg-laying and feeding. I am not able to state at what stage in
the growth of an apple the eggs are laid, but the result of an egg-puncture is
a hard green core, which penetrates, generally, nearly to the centre of the apple.
These green cores spoil the fruit for either eating or cooking purposes, because
they remain as hard lumps even after cooking. Egg-punctures, also, cause the
apples to become distorted. They started to feed on the fruit the first week in
August this year and were found as late as September 3rd. They started to feed
first on the early varieties. They entered the soil first on August 29th. However,
had the weather not been so cold just then, I would have expected them to feed
until a much later date. Sanderson says: "They feed very little before they
enter the soil for the winter." I do not agree, because as many as forty to
sixty feeding punctures on one apple were common.

Life History. The number of eggs to hatch Avas a little over 28 per cent.
The number of eggs per apple varied from one to many. One specimen of
Tolman's Sweet had twenty. The larvae are white or yellowish-white, about one-
half inch long wlien full gTown, footlesis, and possess an enlargement of the anterior
abdominal segments, which prevents them from straightening out. They eat
large irregular tunnels in the fruit. The change into the pupal stage takes place
within the fruit. The pupal stage was found to be between five and six days.
The adults emerge from the fruit and then begin to feed. They pass the winter
in the soil, but I cannot say whether the nature of the soil would have any influence
on the depth, nor do I know the depth at wliich they winter. In many cases they
do not leave the fruit before it is picked; therefore, fhey could easily be spread in
the larval or pupal condition in the shipment of the fruit.

Whether they would survive the winter or not in barrels is a question which
remains to be answered. The adults are most commonly seen on the fruit the
second and third weeks in August. They hold tenaciously to the fruit. They
feed on either end and sometimes on the cheek. In only one case was more than
one Curculio found on a single apple and in this case there were two, one on each
end. When disturbed they remain very quiet, and in many instances feign death.
They do not fly readily, and are slow in their movements. They are not attracted
by lights placed in the trees at night. Ten bands of Tanglefoot were placed on the
trunks of trees, but only two specimens were captured. Many attempts were made
to attract them to poisoned honey, kerosene, molasses, tanglefoot and essence of
pear, but without results. Where trees were sprayed with either lime-sulphur
or Bordeaux mixture, the injury was greatly lessened. These substances probahly
act as repellents. Heavy rains did not interrupt these insects from feeding.
Haws and wild crabs are given as their natural hosts and as causes of their pre-
valence. However, in this orchard where they were so numerous there was only
one Haw tree, while the seedling crabs were not seriously injured by them. The
only cultivated, pruned and properly sprayed orchard in the district was entirely
free from its injury, while two years ago the injury was very serious and last year
to a considerable extent. From this it would appear that a man could keep his
orchard free from this insect regardless of the actions of his neighbors, and, also
that by the above methods the past can be completely controlled.

1913 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 75

The varieties worst injured by egg punctures were Tolman's Sweet, Greening,
Golden Eusset, Ben Davis, Alexander, and Duchess. The worst injured by feeding
were Tolman's Sweet and Alexander. They were extremely injurious to Bartlett
Pears.

I have nothing to oi!er in the way of remedies, because I have not performed
any experiments as yet in cultivation or spraying. Jarring is offered by Sanderson
as a remedy. How effective this may be on young trees, I cannot say, but to
shake them from old trees would result in a large loss of fruit because they hold
to it so firmly.

My reasons for dealing at such length on this insect are : first, it has not
received any careful investigation; and, secondly, it is the most injurious insect
on apples and pears in this portion of Quebec.

INSECTS OF THE SEASON IN ONTARIO.

L. Caesar, B.A., B.S.A., Guelph.

With a few exceptions this season has been comparatively fr^e from any
serious insect injuries, several of our worst pests being much less destructive than
usual.

Orchard Insects.

Codling Moth (Carpocapsa pomonella). This insect ha? not been so abun-
dant as usual, prohably because the wet, cold season retarded development and so
lessened the percentage of the second brood. Each year very gratifying progress
is being made in the number of fruit growers who are meeting with excellent
success in controlling the Codling Moths by thorough spraying. It is worth
noting that only those who spray very thoroughly, so that the trees having much
bloom are literally drenched, are getting really satisfactory results. This sort of
spraying is also giving us apples free from scab and no injurious results are
reported from it. I do not recommend so heavy spraying for any later applications
that may be given.

Lesser Apple Worm (Enannonia prunivora). This caterpillar which so
closely resembles the codling moth larva is found in abundance almost every year
in haws. It is apparently not very destructive to apples in the Province. I have
found it attacking apples at Guelph and in the Niagara District. This year
infested apples were sent in from Prince Edward County on July 7 which con-
tained larvae almost full grown. Both of these had entered by the calyx end and
were feeding a short distance below the inner cavity. I mention this as indicating
that these larvse evidently mature about as early as the earliest Codling Moth
larvse. There is, of course, a second brood. I also found the larva in sour cherries
this year at St. Catharines.

Plum CtJRCULio {Conotrachelus nenuphar). As usual, much damage was
done by this beetle to cherries, plums, peaches, apples, and pears. I did not, how-
ever, see so many evidences of its fall work on apples as usual: whether this was
due to the wet weather I cannot say. Apricots, wherever grown in the Niagara
District, seem to be particularly attractive to the Curculio.

76

THE EEPOET OF THE

No. 36

ArPLE CuKCULio {Auihononius quadrigibbus). Last year I found many of
this species feeding npon haws at Grimsby, hut none on apples. This year I
took a single specimen on apple in June about ten miles from Winona (Niagara
District). I believe Mr. Swaine found it fairly common near Montreal a year
or two ago.

Bud M'otii (Tmetocera oceUana). Many complaints have been made of the
damage done by the larvae to buds. I have seen them quite abundant occasionally,
but, with the exception of yoimg trees not yet bearing fruit, I cannot say they
have been so destructive as many growers claim. So far as I can judge, well
sprayed orchards are seldom much troubled. Apparently the early part of this
season was unfavorable to the larvse and many died, but in spite of this, there was
an average number of infested leaves this autumn showing evidence that sufficient
had been left to produce a nonnal number next spring.

Case-Bearers {Coleopliora fhtclierella and C. ynalivorella) were not so numer-
ous as usual.

Fig. 21.

-Orchard defoliated by Fall Canker-worms.
(Photo taken about June 12th.)

Palmer "Worm {Ypsoloplius pomotelliis) which was very abundant in many
orchards in Western Ontario last year was greatly reduced in number this year,
though a few could be found in almost any district.

Americax Text Caterpillar (Malacosoma americana). In the western half
of Ontario this species has been increasing in number but is not yet at all abundant.
east of Toronto, however, it has been a scourge this year, especially from about
Brighton eastward, getting worse the farther east one went. Unsprayed orchards
were badly defoliated, hut it is a pleasure to report that in every case where
orchards received the application with lime-sulphur before the buds burst and
lime-sulphur with arsenate of lead just before the blossoms began to burst, there
was scarcely a nest to be found. A number of the sprayers reported that they

1913

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

felt sure the strong lime-sulphur alone of the first application had killed most
of the larvse.

Fall Canker-Woem {Alsophila pometaria). Tliis old foe of orchards and
other deciduous trees was much more abundant and destructive this year than I
had ever seen it before, but as usual it was confined to a few localities. At Dundas
and near Stoney Creek several orchards lost almost all their foliage through its
attacks. From two or three other districts similar reports of injury were sent in.
This photograph was taken by Mr. Baker and me in an orchard near Stony Cfeek
and shows the sort of work done by this pest. Fortunately, one of our fourth

Pig. 22. — Cluster of small, woody, deformed Apples,

caused by the feeding of aphids in the

twigs and fruit.

year students had rented a badly infested orchard in the district. He sprayed this
very thoroughly shortly before the blossoms hurst and succeeded in getting such
excellent results that not enough caterpillars escaped to do any appreciable damage.
The worst orchards I saw were in sod. From caterpillars brought to Guelph by
Mr. Baker numerous females and a few males are now, Oct. 11, emerging.

Aphids. This has been one of the worst seasons we have had for Aphids, the
wet spring giving them an excellent start. On bearing apple trees by far the
most destructive species in the Niagara District was the Eosy Aphis {Aphis sorhi.)

78 THE EEPOET OF THE ^o. 36

In many orchards tlie ravages of this pest caused such a large number of the
leaves on the lower branches to turn sickly and yellow, that the trees looked very
unsightly until these fell off. Much of the fruit was deformed and hung in
clusters of dwarfed apples.

Aphis arenae seemed to be the next most common species and was very destruc-
tive to nursery stock and young orchards in August and September. I identified
these two species, but was not sure whether Aphis pomi was present or not. I
think that if it was, it must have been in small numbers. About the first week
in July both Aphis sorhi and A. avenae disappeared from apple trees.

The Black Aphis of the Cherry (Myzus cerasi) also disappeared at this
time, but I could not be sure whether this was due to migration or the attack of
Ladybird beetles and other predaceous insects. It had been somewhat more abun-
dant than usual.

The Currant Aphis (Myzus ribis) was also every abundant and did much
damage. About fifty per cent, of this species were parasitized by one or more
hynienopterous parasites. The adults of these could easily he seen and were quite
numerous. There was no evidence of any parasitic work on Aphis sorhi or A.
avenae, although predaceous insects, especially Ladybird beetles and their larvje,
were very helpful. I saw no signs of any fungous disease attacking any species.

In the early part of June there was a moderate number of Peach Aphids
{Myzus persicae) present, but they did very little damage and soon disappeared.

The Woolly Aphis (Schizoneura laiiig era) could be found in almost every
orchard but not in unusual numbers.

Mr. Baker and I planned some experiments on the control of Aphids early
in the season, when the buds were just ready to burst. At that date we applied
Black Leaf 40 along with the regular spring strength of lime-sulphur to two
badly infested trees. Examination of these trees a day or two later showed that
almost every Aphid had been killed. On check trees they were still alive. Further
tests with other mixtures were made, but we have not yet found anything bo
good as the above. There is need, however, of a cheaper remedy than Black Leaf 40.
I have very little faith in lime-sulphur as a remedy for aphids of the orchard.

San Jose Scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus). Every year or two we hear of some
new district into which this scale has gone. This year Mr. McNeil of Ottawa
wrote to me that it was reported to be in an orchard near Woodstock. I went
lip to investigate and found a'bout a dozen trees nearly killed by it and all the
rest of the orchard infested. Clearly it had been in the orchard for about four
years without any one knowing what it was. Mr. Kydd of the Fruit Branch,
Toronto, and I held a demonstration meeting in this orchard in October. Arrange-
ments have been made to have the orchard sprayed and looked after by the Depart-
ment as one of its regular demonstration orchards. This seemed the wisest course
to pursue, so that an example of thorough work might be set. Two neighboring
orchards are just becoming infested, but no injury has been done to either yet.
Though the scale is spreading, the use of lime-sulphur and thorough spraying is
spreading still more rapidly. In Essex, one of the worst scale districts, the
Eepresentative wrote to me a few days ago that more spraying was done last year
than in all the years before taken together. It occurred to me that the severity
of last winter might show a much diminished number of scales this year, but
apparently it had little effect.

1913

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

79

Blister Mite (Eriophyes pyri). In a large number of imsprayed orchards
this mite is doing much to prevent average crops of apples. I sprayed a very
badly infested orchard this spring to test the comparative effect of spraying before
the buds had begun to burst and when they were bursting. April 25 and May 6
were the respective dates. Both gave excellent results; better than I had even
hoped for.

Brown Mite (Bryobia pratensis) or Bed Spider (Tetranychus himaculatus).
In the Niagara District the foliage on many plum trees — whole orchards in fact —
had a dull grayish color, indicating clearly that something was Avrong. On examina-
tion towards the end of August it was quite evident that some mite, probably
the Brown Mite, from the way the eggs were found all over the leaves and along

Fig. 23. — Blister Mite work on apple and pear leaves.

the midrib 'on the upper surface, and also from the absence of any silken web
on the under surface, had caused this appearance. Unfortunately the mites had
almost all disappeared. A few Red Spiders were seen, but I doubt Avhether these
were the offenders. It is probable that the reason that lime-sulphur sprayed plum
trees in the neighborhood had healthier foliage than Bordeaux sprayed ones was
due to the efficiency of lime-sulphur against mites.

Injury by Bed Spiders to Currant leaves in the Niagara District was very
noticeable.

Pear Psylla (Psylla pyncola). Early in the spring a good many psyllas
were seen, but with the coming of the wet, cold weather they soon disappeared,
and I saw none again until July 12, when a few nymphs were observed. They
did not become numerous enough anywhere, I think, to do any appreciable damage.

Cherry Fruit Flies (Rhagoletis cingiilata and RJiagohtis fausta). These
two flies were about equally common, and did more damage to Miontmorency

80

THE EEPOET OF THE

No. 36

cherries than the Plum Curculio. In some orchards it was difficult to find one
cherry out of five that did not contain a maggot. A few experiments on control
measures were tried, but there was not time to do the work thoroughly. I am
expecting to study these pests more carefully next year.

Apple Maggot (Rhagoletis pomenella) . As Mr. Ross is giving an address on
the joint work being done on this insect by the Ottawa Dejjartment of Entomology

Fig. 24. — Rose Chafer (Macrodactylus subspinosus) : a, beetle; b, larva; c and d,
mouth parts of same; e, pupa; /, injury to leaves and blossoms with beetles, natural
size, at work. (After Marlatt, U. S. Dept. Agriculture.)

and our Department, I shall not make any further remarks on it than merely to
say that I hope that next year may be more favorable for the study of this insect
than this has been, and that if so, we may be able to finish the investigation in
Ontario unless some new phase of the subject presents itself to us.

Rose Chafer {Macrodactylus suhspinosus) . In most districts the Rose Chafer
did much less damage than usual, but in one or two cases it appeared in new
districts and did considerable damage to grapes, raspberries, and young cherry

25. — Pear and Cherry Slug.

trees. A district thus attacked was composed, of a few orchards between Beamsville
and Lake Ontario. In one of the orchards arsenate of lead — four pounds to forty
gallons — sweetened with about a gallon of molasses was^ sprayed on the trees and
vines. The owner did not know whether it had done any good or whether the

1913

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

81

beetles had largely disappeared of their own accord. As I was interested, I
visited the orchard and examined the ground around the trunks of several small
sprayed cherry trees and in each case found dead beetles. It looked to me very
much as though the spray had been at least fairly effective.

Pear and Cherry Slug {Eriocampoides limacina). Though not quite so
conspicuous as usual, the work of this pest was easily visible in almost every
district. Young cherry trees were usually worst attacked; pears suffered but little.

Grapes and Bush Fruits Insects.

Grapevine Leaf-hopper {Typhlocijba comes). This leaf -hopper was present
in most vineyards but was not so destructive as last year.

Currant Stem-girdler {Janus integer). Two years ago I reared this saw-fly
from currant twigs sent me from Lambton County. In June of this year I found
its fresh work at Fruitland. A considerable number of currant twi^s had been

Fig. 26. — Grape-vine Flea-
beetle and larva, much en-
larged; also leg, greatly-
magnified.

girdled but not a sufficient number to cause any alarm. The owner of the planta-
tion had never seen the injury before and was anxious to discover the cause.

Imported Currant Borer (Aegeria tipuliformis) . In abnost every currant
plantation a very large number of canes are attacked by this insect

The Grapevine Flea-beetle (Haltica chalyyhea). Several vineyards in the
Niagara District were somewhat severely attacked by these beetles. The larvge
could be easily found on wild grape leaves in June.

Raspberry Eoot-borer (Betnbecia marginata). Old raspberry plantations in
the Niagara District are very badly infested by this borer.

Fig. 27. — Grape-vine Flea-beetle, showing beetles and larvss at work.
6 E.S.

82

THE EEPOET OF THE

No. 36

Blackbekky LEAiP-MiNER {Metollus ruhi). This leaf-miner is still abundant
in parts of the Niagara District. Fortunately it does almost no damage until about
the middle of July. By this time the forming fruit is getting well advanced.
Control seems difficult. Kerosene emulsion has been recommended, but in my
tests it proved useless, as it could not penetrate even the dead epidermis. The
insect passes the winter in the ground in the larval stage in a small, round, earthen
case abut 5 m.m. in diameter. Possibly removing the earth to a depth of about
two inches from underneath the bushes in spring, followed by frequent cultivation,
might destroy the larvae or pupae. The cases, however, do not break very easily.

Easpberry Cane-borer {Oberea himaculata). Dr. Bethune received several
letters containing specimens of this insect's work but not so many as in previous
years. .1 saw almost no sign of its presence in the Niagara District.

Strawberry Weevil (Anihonomus signatus). Specimens of this tiny
weevil were sent in from Brant County, where it was doing sufficient injury to
attract the attention of some growers. It occurred in small numbers in one or
two other localities.

Insects Attacking Vegetables.

Cutworms. Very few outbreaks of Cutworms have been reported. At Bur-
lington there was considerable damage done to cabbage and other closely allied
plants by what I believe was the Eed-backed Cutworm, but this is the only case
I can recall of anything like an outbreak this year.

, • ^

Fig. 28.— Onion Maggot and' Work.

h ^

Fig. 29. — Cucumber Beetle, larva and pupa.

Onion and Cabb^vge Maggot {Pcgoivijia hrassicae and P. cepetorum.) These
insects were not so abundant as last year.

Cucumber Beetle (Diabrotica vittata). Comparatively few of these beetles
were to be seen in most places visited.

Asparagus Beetles {Crioceris asparagl and C. 12-punctata) . These two
beetles were moderately abundant at Guelph, but very few complaints came in
about them. (Fig. 30.)

Colorado Potato Beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) . It is a pleasure to
be able to report that Perillus bioculatus var. claudus seems to have passed the
winter safely in most districts and to have done much to control the Potato
Beetle. This friend is quite common at Guelph and in many other parts of
Western Ontario. I have had it reported from as far east as about eight miles
from Ottawa. I sent a few live specimens to the latter district where this year
the insects were found. The specimens had been freed in the potato field.

1913

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

83

Insects Attacking Cereals and Grasses.

White Grubs and Wireworms. Many complaints were received of injury to
grain crops and potatoes by these larvge, especially from Western Ontario.

Hessian Fly (Mayetiola destructor). The Hessian Fly has in many dis-
tricts been unusually destructive. As soon as I saw that some wheat fields had
as many as fifty per cent, of the plants destroyed, I sent out a circular letter
outlining the most up-to-date methods of control. As the wet weather prevented
almost any early sowing, it will be interesting to see the result next year. Many
parasites were found to be present, but whether they would be in sufficient number
to control the flies next year unaided is very doubtful. They are easier to rear
than the He&sian Fly and are apparently present in considerable numbers almost
every year.

Grasshoppers. In spite of the wet season grasshoppers were very destructive
in a few districts, and especially in parts of Norfolk County. •

Eare or Uncommon Insects.

Alabama argillacea. Large numbers of this moth were seen around electric
lights at Woodstock on Oct. 11. Specimens were sent to me by Mr. James Dunlop

Fig. 30.

-Asparagus Beetle: a, adult; &, egg; c, young larva; d, full-grown larva; e, pupa.

of that town, who said that at some posts they could have been shovelled up like
,a swarm of bees. Last year it will be remembered we had also a visit from
these Southern moths.

Typhoea funiata. This little brown beetle, belonging to the family Myceto-
phagidae, was sent to me by the "Farmer's Advocate" from a man who said that
for two years it bad been injuring the wheat in his granary and had caused it
to heat. Whether it was the real cause of the heating I do not know, but believe
it is worth while recording this beetle as a granary pest in the Province, since
it is rarely, if ever, mentioned in any Canadian reports on granary insects.

Maple Leaf-roller (Cenopis pettitana). A correspondent at Kenmore, near
Ottawa, sent me specimens of the larvge which he said were injuring the foliage
of his sugar maple woods greatly. I reared the adults and sent specimens to
Mr. Gibson, Ottawa, who identified them as Cenopis pettitana. Mr. Baker and
I also obtained larvae from elm trees in the Niagara District. The adults from
maple and elm looked to be the same and Mr. Gibson could see no difference.

Tortrix confUctana. Mr. Baker found this species in great albundance in
Toronto. Mr. Gibson kindly identified it for him.

84: THE EEPORT OF THE N"o. 36

Me. Gibson : I was interested in Mr. Caesar's remarks on the Cotton Moth.
A few weeks ago I had a letter from Mr. Calvert, of the Normal School, London,
Ont., enclosing two photographs of Cotton Moths which had been taken at London,
with a report that the insect had been enormously abundant. The moth was noticed
at Ottawa on October 15th, but only in small numbers. When in New York City,
in the middle of last month, I saw a flight of this moth. Thousands of specimens
were present in Broadway, flying into restaurants and other brightly lighted places,
where they could obtain an entrance.

Dr. Hewitt: In reference to the Cotton Moth, I just received this morning a
note from Dr. William Saunders, late Director of the Experimental Farms, who
was one of the original founders of the Society, but who was unfortunately com-
pelled to discontinue an active interest on account of increasing duties. He en-
closes a short interesting paper on the Cotton Moth, and he has asked me to com-
municate it to the Society. Further, he wishes to he kindly remembered to any
members of the Society who may inquire of liim. (Dr. W. Saunders' paper was
then read by Dr. Hewitt.)

AN INVASION OF COTTON MOTHS.
Wm. Saunders, C.M.G., London. Ont.

On the night of Thursday, October 10th, 1912, there appeared about the elec-
tric lights at the station of the 'Canadian Pacific Eailway in London, Ont., a great
swarm of moths of the Cotton Leaf Caterpillar {Alabama argillacea Hbn.) About
the electric lamps the air was laden with the moths, which were estimated by those
who saw them at two inches or more in depth on the floors of the railway station.
The following night, Friday, October 11, they appeared again in great numbers,
when the enclosed photograph was taken, which, although showing them in de-
creased numbers, is convincing evidence of the formidable character of the inva-
sion. (Photograph passed around at meeting.) I heard of the arrival of the in-
sects on Friday night, when, on looking through the rooms of my bouse, we cap-
tured four specimens of the moth. As this was nearly half a mile from the railway
station it shows that they had found their way into buildings for some distance
from the main point of their occurrence.

I was not able to visit the scene of their great abundance until Saturday
morning, when I found the sidewalks and the ground about the electric lights
strewn thickly with the dead moths. It was not easy to make even an approximate
estimate of their numbers, but under one of the electric lights where the moths had
been very abundant I should not think that 10,000 or even 50,000 an excessive
estimate.

I found living specimens in good condition hiding in sheltered spots about the
windows and doors of the station ; on one window I counted 24, all good specimens.

In a letter from my son. Dr. A. P. Seunders, written Oct. 11, 1912, from
Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, he says :

" W;e had an invasion here in Clinton on Oct. 6th of the Cotton Moth {Ala-
hama argUlacea) ; they came just before dawn. The night watchman told me he
could not see the electric light for the moths. When I got down town about noon

1913

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

85

the following day there were from 10,000 to 100,000 under each one of the few
arc lights in the village, and a good many under the little incandescent lights. Under
each of the arc lights the moths formed a patch about 10 feet across, where they
literally covered the ground. Thousands of them had heen crushed by wagons, but
there were also thousands and thousands of perfectly fresh specimens towards the
edge of the road. All the electric light poles, the neighbouring trees, shop fronts,
and indeed everywhere where there was light was well supplied with specimens. I took
about a hundred as a memento of the occasion. These moths may have heen hrought
up here by high winds in the upper air currents. The vast majority of the speci-
mens that had not been crushed looked as fresh as if they had only heen out a day,
so that one cannot think of them as having worked their way up by slow degrees.
They seem now to have disappeared, at least I have seen none since, except one that
I unconsciously brought home on my coat, and which has since been about the
house."

In London the moths were found in greatest abundance about the C. P. E.
railway station.

IXJUEIOUS INSECTS OF QUEBEC IN 1912.
Prof. Wm. Lochhead^ Macdonald College, Que.

The season of 1912 was quite abnormal in Quebec on account of the large
rainfall in May, June, August, and September. No doubt this excessive precip-
itation affected to some extent the insect life, but the exact relations are difficult to
determine.

Fig. 31. — Plum Curculio:

c, larva; &, pupa; c, beetle;

d, young fruit attacked.

Fig. 32. — Clover-leaf Midge.

Tent Cateepillaes. The most abundant insects of the season were the two
common species of Tent Caterpillars (Malocosoma americana and M. disstria).
They appeared in immense numbers in most districts of the province and caused
much injury to orchard and fruit trees, M. disstria (Forest Tent Caterpillar) being
the more abundant species. A disease, apparently bacterial, broke out among the
caterpillars ahout June 11th and killed many, the mortality being greater among
the caterpillars of M. americana.

An effort was made to determine the extent of parasitism present. Ichneu-
mons were obtained from M. disstria, but not in sufficient numbers to cause any
appreciable diminution in numbers.

In the insectary M. americana started pupating on June 8th, and M. disstria
on the 21st. Adults of both species about July 5th.

S6

THE EEPOET OF THE

No. 36

Bud Moth. This small insect was very abundant on the Island of Montreal
in May and June. In one instance more than 100 specimens were obtained from
a snxall five-year-old apple tree. Pupation occurred about June 15th, and adults
appeared on July 9th.

Buffalo Tree-hopper. This bug was quite abundant, and many apple
branches were observed to be badly wounded. An interesting feature of the occur-
rence of the nymphs was their abundance on clover, so that the presence of clover
fields must be taken into consideration in devising methods of control.

Plum Cueculio (Fig. 31). This insect is not destructive at Macdonald Col-
lege, though in near-by orchards there was evidence of considerable injury, especi-
ally to plums.

Oyster-shell Scale. This scale insect is perhaps the most abundant insect
in Quebec orchards, and does a great amount of damage, especially in neglected
orchards.

Fig. 33. — Spotted Asparagus Beetle.

Fig. 34. — Larva of Currant Saw-fly.

Apple Plaxt Louse. Aphis mail was abundant on the young trees, and
caused considerable damage.

Clover-root Borer. The roots of old red clover plants in the sod of the
plum orchard at Macdonald College were observed to contain many larvae of the
Clover-root Borer.

Clover-leaf Midge (Fig. 32). This insect was quite abundant on leaves of
white clover at the College.

Striped Cucumber Beetle. This pest was destructive to squashes.

Asparagus Beetle. The 12 spotted species were abundant, but very few of
the asparagi were observed.

Turnip Flea-beetle. This insect was abundant but did not appear until the
plants had got a good start, so that the damage was inconsiderable.

Easpberry-cane Borer. Considerable wilting of canes occurred in July
owing to punctures made by this insect.

Currant Saw-fly (Fig. 34.) Large numbers of the larvae of this insect were
observed on currant hushes during June and July. Pupation began about June
10th, and adults began to appear on the 22nd.

Currant Aphis. This plant louse was quite abundant, and caused consider-
able damage to the leaves.

1913 ErNTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 87

NOTES ON SOME FOREST INSECTS OP 1912.
J. M. SwAixE, Assistant Entomologist for Forest Insects, Ottawa.

During the season just closing there have heen few serious extensive outbreaks
' of insects in Canadian forests. The Larch Saw-fly has ibeen less injurious in the
east, but is extending its western ranges beyond Manitoba and is still very de-
structive in Western Ontario, Attempts have been made 'by Dr. Hewitt to colonize
the European parasite Mesoleius tenthredinus and the parasitic fungus Isaria fari-
nosa at several points in Quebec and Ontario and in the Riding Mountains, Mani-
toba. With such leaf-feeding insects, widespread over great forest areas, the in-
troduction of sidch foreign parasites and assistance in the distribution of native and
esta/blished species seems to offer the only hope for any human influence upon the
control.

The Spruce Budworm, which caused so much alarm for several years in Que-
bec forests, has been on the whole much less in evidence this season. We know of
no instance in which its injury was followed 'by extensive Bark-beetle attack.

The control of such species as the Larch Sawfly, Spruce Budworm, Brown-tail
and Gipsy Moth and the European Scourge, the Nun Moth, presents . tremendous
difficulties. In European countries, where the forests are policed by a large body
of trained foresters, control measures may be attempted that are not to be even
considered in our immense area. There appears to be but one way in which we
can influence the extent of the ravages. This is by increasing the numbers in an
infested region, of the active parasites which effectively prey upon the pests. With
an introduced pest, natural parasites, if not brought with it, may perhaps be suc-
cessfully introduced and colonized. It is conceivable that in future years parasites
will be obtained in quantity in infested districts to be shipped to distant sections of
our forest area for the control of incipient outbreaks of the same injurious species.
The present status of the Larch Saw-fly in Canada offers an illustration. So far
as the relations hetween this species and its natural control factors have been studied
in Eastern Canada, it appears that Ceolopisthia nemuticida plays a most important
part. We have no record of this parasite from Manitoba, where the Saw-fly is now
widespread. There is a very serious outbreak in Western Ontario, towards the
Manitoba boundary. Whether the parasite is there or not we do not know; but,
apparently, as the outibreak is not under control, its numbers are not yet great.
We should be justified in attempting extensive introduction of Coelopisthia into
many sections of Manitoba in an endeavour to check the western spread of the
pest, provided, of course, supplies of parasites could be obtained.

This distribution of native parasites has already been tried in England and
Europe ; and, in connection with other insects, has heen attempted in various places
in the United States.

We know that this Saw-fly at times sweeps over extensive areas in America,
and is not controlled by any parasites or any factors whatever. The outbreak at
times ceases only with the death of the trees. We cannot depend, therefore, upon
native species for permanent control, unless we can materially influence their dis-
tribution.

With such an immense area of forest we shall probably usually have Saw-fly
outbreaks just under control, with a plentiful supply of parasitized cocoons in cer-
tain parts of the country, while in other parts outbreaks will he in their incipient
stages.

88 THE EEPOET OF THE Xb. 36

It appears, then, to be possible that we may yet control such species as the
Larch Saw-fly in limited areas of our forests, in touch with civilization, by an
elaborate system of information and distribution of parasites.

Investigations in England by Dr. Hewitt, and others, have given hope that
Mesoleius may be much more effective in its control than any native species. The
introduction of this species may be of great benefit. ^

Lophyrus ahietis has been quite destructive to spruce shade trees in various
localities. I noticed several white spruces in Algonquin Park, Ontario, this sum-
mer, completely defoliated by it.

Chermes similis, Gillette, and Chermes ahietis^ Choi., have both been destruc-
tive to shade trees and are very common locally in spruce forests. They may be
controlled on shade trees by spraying with kerosene emulsion or whale-oil soap ; or,
on small trees, by picking and burning the galls.

Chermes pinicorticis. Fitch., is a common and destructive species throughout
eastern Canada, and seriously injures many young white pines, particularly those
growing in the shade.

Chermes strohilohius, Kalt., and Goleophora laricella were particularly abund-
ant this year at Ottawa on both European and American larches.

Gossyparia spuria, Mod., is injurious to elms at Ottawa. The young appeared
in late June and early July. The leaves below badly infested branches are some-
times entirely covered with a thick coating of wax. This must render the leaf
practically useless and contribute towards the weakening of the tree.

Kaliosysphinga dohrnii, Fisch., is common about Ottawa on native and culti-
vated alder. It occurs on several exotic species in the Arboretum in immense
numbers, and quite spoils the appearance of the trees.

Pemphigus acerifoUi, Eiley. An aphis, probably of this species, was particu-
larly troublesome this year at Ottawa on ornamental maples. During July winged
and wingless adults and young were in dense masses on the undersides of curled
leaves. Wlax filaments and drops of honey dew, whitened by wax, were constantly
dropping from the trees.

Schizoneura americana, Eiley, was the cause of many enquiries from southern
Quebec and Ontario.

Podosesia syringae, Harris, Avas found at Ottawa destroying stems of lilac. The
caterpillars were boring in the base of the stems, excavating the inner bark and sap-
vrood.

Aegeria exitiosa, Say. A caterpillar, probably of this species, has been numer-
ous for some years in a grove of wild cherry at Isle Perrot, Que. Many of the
trees have been destroyed by it. Phloeotrihus liminaris breeds in these trees; but
to a limited extent, and appears not to be increasing in numbers.

Galerucella decora, Say., was reported stripping willow and poplar at various
points in British Columbia.

Tylonota himaculatus, Hald., was taken at Ottawa from ash. The larvae were
breeding in apparently sound wood.

Cyllene robiniae, Forst, has been destructive in southern Ontario. Consider-
able injury was caused to ornamental acacias near Kingston, Ont. It is interesting
that while acacias were badly injured, locust trees were apparently not attacked.

Pissodes. Various species of this genus have been injurious to spruce and pine.
The most interesting reports were from P.E.I. , and from the Eocky Mountain
Forest Eeserve, Alberta. In the latter place there is a rather serious outbreak of

1913 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 89

Pissodes in young growth. The effect of an old Pissodes injury to spruce is evi-
dent in numerous " double-tops " throughout the Riding Mountain Reserve, Mani-
toba.

Dendroctonus murrayanae, Hopkins, and other destructive bark-beetles, to-
gether with many injurious buprestid and cerambycid borers are very abundant in
the Riding Mountain Forest Reserve, Manitoba.

Only a limited amount of cutting is allowed in the reserve, and this is chiefly
in fire-swept areas. There were several considerable bums in the spring of 1911,
and in these the bark-(beetles were present in spruce and pine in immense num-
bers. There were no fires of importance in the reserve this spring, and consequently
little cutting of green timber. There is danger of an outbreak of bark-beetles of
the genera Dendroctonus and Polygraphus in the neighbourhood of these 1911 fire
areas. One of these species (Dendroctonus murrayanae, Hopk.) has already de-
stroyed some timber there; but it is not noticeably common in healthy trees. A
few Dendroctonus-killed jack pines may be seen along the Clear Lake trail. Condi-
tions are being carefully watched by the officers of the reserve and any outbreaks
will receive prompt attention.

The Larch Dendroctonus, D. simplex Lee, is very common throughout the
parts visited. It was found in great numbers in dead, standing larches ; but whether
or not it had been the primary cause of the death of the trees could not be then
determined. This species prefers bark in a dying condition, but may become an
important auxiliary of the larch saw-fly in future years. Ips perturhatus, Eichh.,
and Ips caelatus Eichh., are very abundant in fire areas south of Clear Lake. They
are found there chiefly in white spruce, which was badly injured by fire. Poly-
graphus rufipennis Kirby, the spruce bark-beetle, is common everywhere in dying
bark of spruce, larch, and jack pine. These species are aible to kill weakened or
injured trees which might otherwise recover. Other species of bark-beetles of lesser
interest are abundant in dying bark of spruce, pine, and larch.

Timber-lbeetles of several species are plentiful. Trypodendron retusus Lee,
the poplar timber-beetle, in poplar, and T. lineatus, Ratz., the spruce timber-beetle,
in spruce and pine, are the most common. These beetles drive their small round,
black tunnels more or less deeply into the wood of dying or recently killed trees
and logs, or freshly-cut lumber, and reduce its value for all but cheaper purposes.
They also assist in the introduction of fungi and bacteria into the wood. Many
poplars on the upper plateau are more or less scraped by deer. These scrapings
penetrate to the cambium, and present an ideal inoculation-surface for fungi and
bacteria. The poplar timber-beetle enters later on these scraped surfaces, and
through its tunnels spores may reach deeper layers.

Damage to killed and injured spruce and pine by cerambycid and buprestid
borers is extensive. Piled lumber cut in the fire areas by portable mills showed
abundant evidence of their borings. The fires occur usually early in the spring.
These beetles lay their eggs in slits or crevices in the bark late in June and in
July. They seldom deposit their eggs on barked surfaces. The grubs cut large,
rounded and flattened tunnels through the bark and wood.

To prevent the injury by these borers it is necessary to bark the trees, or put
them in water when possible, before the young grubs have worked through the bark
and into the wood, or to saw before they are deeper than the thickness of the slaJb.
Some species will continue their borings in piled lumber, or even in parts of build-
ings, for months or even years, if they have penetrated deeply before the logs were
eawed.

9'0 THE KEPOET OF THE No. 36

Every effort should fee made to get on the ground as soon as possible and to
rush the sawing during the first part of the season. Much of the trouble might thus
be left in the slab.

Throughout the reserve the poplar is badly infested with fungi, and with
iboring grubs of the long-horned beetles (Cerambycidae). The only conceivable
method of controlling either the fungi or the beetles is to cut and burn, at the
proper season, all infested trees. Such an operation could not be considered there
at the present time, and these diseases of the poplar are likely to continue.

Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk., has (been injurious in many places in
British Columlbia to Douglas Fir; and Dendroctonus hrevicomis Lee, has attacked
and killed healthy yellow pine (P. ponderosa) in several localities. D. ponderosae
Hopk., has been reported destroying Pinus ponderosa. Bull or Yellow Pine, over
a limited area. In the presence of these, and other bark-beetles of similar habits,
British Columbia possesses a very serious danger to her forests. They should be
carefully watched and outbreaks promptly and skilfully dealt with.

Dendroctonus valens, Leconte, usually a not very serious secondary enemy of
pines and spruce in Eastern Canada, was found this season destroying healthy
white spruce. This species is extremely abundant in the pine slash in Algonquin
Park, It has entered living bark in large numbers, as evidenced by the pitch-tubes.
Jps calligraphus, and many species of the genera Ips, Dryocoetes, Trypodendron,
Gnathotrichus, Polygraphus, Hylurgops, Pityophthorus, Pityogenes, and others, are
present there in myriads in pine and spruce slash of last winter's cuttings. As long
as extensive cutting continues there is probalbly little danger from any species dis-
covered there this summer. When the cutting ceases, as it soon must, the second
growth pine and spruce will 'be in danger.

There was noticed this season in different parts of Quebec Province, in On-
tario, and particularly in New Brunswick, a rather obscure injury to spruce and fir
twigs. The tips of the twigs appear throughout the early summer, dead, brown
and dried. On many twigs there are indications of hemipterous injury, but many
show no mark of insect work and contain apparently no parasitic fungi. Much of
the work seen this season was difficult to explain. Twigs of spruce, fir and pine are
commonly injured by various insects. Certain ipid beetles of the genus Pityoph-
thorus are locally plentiful boring in and destroying twigs of white and red pine.
Certain hemipterons kill many twigs of pine, spruce, and fur by sucking the sap,
early in the season, an inch, or several inches from the tip. Cerambycid and ipid
beetles do always more or less damage, and at times a great deal, by gnawing the
bark from twigs and 'branches of pines. Such injury is seldom of importance, ex-
cept on ornamental trees. Pine twigs, or ornamental trees, bored hy Pityophthorus
should be cut off and burned as soon as noticed.

The Birch Leaf Skeletonizer, Bucculatrix canadensisella, Chamb., has been
abundant and injurious, notably about Port Arthur, Ont.

The Pine Leaf-miner, Paralechia piriifoUella, Clem. This interesting miner was
aJbundant at Ottawa this season on cultivated jack pine, Pinus hanhsiana. The
larva works within the distal half or more of the leaf, sealing up the entrance-hole
at the hase of the cavity with a silken film and pupating within. Adults were
emerging this year during the last week in June,

An interesting outbreak of Monohammus scutellatu^ occurred this summer on
pine about Port Arthur, Ont. Immense numbers of the adults were feeding upon
the bark of twigs and branches of sound trees.

1913 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 91

There was an interesting outbreak this season in some of the St. Lawrence
Island parks of Elaphidion villosum. Thousands of branches of oaks were broken,
some hanging to the trees, and others scattered about the ground. These branches
were gathered and burned. This will probably prevent a recurrence next year.

Saperda calcaraia is a very destructive enemy of poplar in. the east and also in
Manitoba. Throughout parts of the east it is particularly difficult to preserve poplar
shade trees on account of its ravages. It infects the trunk and larger branches, and
I have taken it from the heart of the largest balsam poplars. Very careful in-
spection and removal of the borers in the fall may prevent injury to valuable shade
trees, and the older grubs can be removed with a knife or killed by benzine or car-
bon bisulp'hide injected into their borings.

Agrilus anxius. This injurious species is very destructive to imported white
birches about Ottawa. Native birches appear always better able to resist its attack.

Mr. Caesar: Have lyou ever discovered on pine branches swellings from
half an inch to an inch and a half in diameter due to a species of Peridermiwm
probably P. cerebrum? In parts of Lambton County pine trees are being injured
by this disease.

Mr. Swaine : Yes, in the West, on jack pine and mountain pine and, in the
east, on jack pine, such Perider?niuni galls are very common.

Dr. Walker: Have you seen anything of Retinia on pine this year?

Mr. Swaine: Yes. It has been rather common in the West, particularly
in the Eocky Mountain reserve. Alberta. Its work is usually found more or less
commonly throughout our eastern forests, but I have no record of special outbreaks
there this season.

Dr. Walker: Mr. J. H. White of the Dept. of Forestry, University of
Toronto, sent me a number of twigs of jack pine infested with a species of Eetinia,
from Sudbury, Ont., where he said iihey were very abundant.

Dr. Hewitt : I was very glad that Mr. Swaine emphasized the question and
discussed the importance in the control of the Larch Sawfly, of transporting the
parasitic enemies from one locality where they are extremely abundant, to another
locality where the attack of the sawfly is not so severe. This has been done in the
case of a number of other insects which we know. About five years ago I recom-
mended and also started in England a system such as Mr. Swaine suggests, of
aiding the natural control of the Larch Sawfly, and I believe the Board of Agri-
culture in England have continued it. The method I recommended is this: I
made a careful study of the percentage of parasites and the increase. If an
increase in parasitism was observed sufficient, as I believed, to be of material
assistance in obtaining control, cocoons were to be collected and transferred to
localities where an outbreak of the sawfly was in the incipient stage. This seems
to be the only possible alternative to the introduction of parasites from outside and
is one which could very well be adopted. What must be done in these cases,
however, is to keep a very close watch, as Mr. Swaine suggests, on the outbreak
from time to time when it begins and notice from year to year how the parasites
increase in abundance. This is the method I adopted in England. From year to
year the percentage of parasites increased, and as it increased it showed that the
control of the natural parasites was very efficient. I hope that we shall be able to
carry on some experiments in this country on these l;nes.

92 THE EEPORT OF THE No. 36

AQUATIC INSECTS.

Robert Matheson, Truro, N.S.

Water is the most abundant mineral of our earth. It covers at least % of its
surface, and also constitutes a large part of our continents. Fuller estimating
that the entire amount of underground water would form a belt 96 ft. in thick-
ness. W. J. McGee estimates that the first 100 ft. of ground of the United States
contains 17 ft. of water. Water is the most essential of all compounds. All
living organisms consist of a large percentagie of water. Undoubtedly life
originated in the water, and to-day all forms of life are more intimately associated
with water than with almost any other single substance. It is not necessary for
me to enumerate the many peculiarities of water, its color, odor, freezing and melt-
ing temperatures, its specific and latent heat, its point of maximum density, the
formation of vapor, rain, fogs, dew, frost, etc., its solvent powers, etc., etc. Yet
all these chemical and physical properties of water are what makes life possible on
our globe. Is it any wonder then that our seas, lakes, rivers, ponds, and streams
teem with living organisms?

Turning our attention to the insects, there is no question that they constitute
the dominant animal group. Insects are more numerous in species, constituting
4-5 of the known forms, but also probably exceeding in actual bulk all other
terrestrial animals. From such considerations one would be inclined to con-
clude that insects would be found in great abundance in our waters, yet the very
opposite in the case. Our great oceans and seas are practically devoid of all insect
life, only one genus of water striders, Halohates, being found distant from our
shores. In our inland waters, insects are found near the shores, in shallow water,
among aquatic vegetation, only a few forms being found in the Plankton
(Corethra). The open water is practically devoid of all insect life. Aquatic
insects are practically all littoral.

The explanation of this paucity of forms is found in the fact that all insects
were originally terrestrial animals. The evidences of this are so numerous and
obvious that I need scarcely recount them; —

(1) The chitinous armour, impermeable to water and air.

(2) The taking in of air through open spiracles.

(3) No insect form breathes air dissolved in water throughout its life.

(4) Many aquatic larvae breathe air directly.

(5) Larvae possessing gills are widely distributed and not restricted to any
one group or closely associated groups.

(6) No adult insects are true aquatics, breathing air dissolved in the water.
Undoubtedly like many mammals, insects have become readapted to an aquatic

life. This readaption has probably been brought about either by the scarcity of
food on land or its abundance in water, or by both, and as a result of the terrible
competition existing among land forms. Gradually certain forms have pushed
their way out into the water and this adaptation to an aquatic environment has
arisen independently in widely divergent groups. At the present time scarcely a
single large order is without aquatic representatives. In many of these orders the
aquatic habit has risen independently several times. Miall estimates that adapta-
tion to aquatic situations has risen independently at least one hundred times. To
the student of evolution no other single class offers such a teraptin? field for the
study of adaptation to a common environment by many widely divergent forms.

1913 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 93

As we glance over the Hexapods we find comparatively few adapted to aquatic
life, not one single order which is wholly aquatic tHiroughout the larval and
imago states. The Ephemerida, Odonata, Plecoptera, Trichoptera are all aquatic
in the larval state, the adults being aerial. Part of the Neuroptera, some rare
Lepidopterous forms (Hydrocampa, Paraponyx), are aquatic in the larval state,
and several large families of Hemiptera and Coleoptera are aquatic throughout
their entire existence. Yet the species comprising these families are nearly all
terrestrial in their mode of obtaining their air supply. Some rare hymenopterous
forms are also aquatic, parasites on the eggs of various insects which depost their
eggs in water. As yet but few of these parasites have been reared, though un-
doubtedly many exist. It is an inviting field for anyone interested in discovering
new things.

Despite the comparatively few species of insects, probably not more than
15,000, which are aquatic in their habits, we find here some of the most remarkable
adaptations. In the May-fly group alone we find the various genera adapted to
the most diverse aquatic environments. We find them in the swiftest streams
and waterfalls (Heptagenia, Epeorus, Iron, etc.), in more or less stagnant ponds
(Blasturus, Siphlurus), in the quieter streams and riffles ( Callibaetis,
Leptophlebia), and burrowing in the mud and ooze at sides or bottoms of ponds
(He:»Egenia, Caenis, Tricorythus, Ephemerella). Some of the May-fly species are
admirably adapted to one particular environment as those of Iron while others are
capable of living under a greater diversity of conditions (Leptophlebia,
Ephemerella). In nearly all the aquatic groups we find more or less of a parallel
development, each species well adapted to the situation in which it lives.

I shall not attempt a detailed discussion of the various modifications which
were necessitated by the change from a terrestrial to an aquatic environment.
Probably the most difficult situation which the aquatic forms had to meet was the
securing of air supply. And to solve this difficulty we find insects have developed
a great variety of structures. And these structures have certainly developed
independently in widely divergent groups. There are practically two methods by
which any form can secure its air supply. (1) By coming to the surface and
breathing air directly, (2) By means of either tracheal gills or blood gills and
thus making use of the air dissolved in the water.

I shall discuss the first method hurriedly. Those forms that secure their air
supply directly at the surface are found in widely separated orders. Many of
these species have developed very complicated and beautifully adapted structures.
In the Hemiptera many forms have developed pile on the surface of the body
enabling them to carry down an air supply (ISTotonectidae). Very little is known
concerning the methods by which members of the family Belostomidae secure their
air supply. In Belostoma there are areas of pile on the under surface of the body
by means of which an air supply is carried. The antennae are wonderfully
modified, somewhat analogous to "that found in the Hydrophilidae but it is not
known whether they are used in securing an air supply. In Nepidae the caudal
stylets have been modified into a tube which is pushed through the surface film
and thus an air supply is obtained. The aquatic members of the Coleoptera also
take down an air supply. In the Haliplidae I found quite a new adaptation for
securing air (Jour. N.Y. Ent. Soc. xx, pp. 180-181, 1912). Everyone is familiar
with the method by which members of the Dytiscidae secure their air supply. In
the Hydrophilidae the terminal club of the antennae which is pilose acts as the

94 ' THE REPOET OF THE I^^o. 36

agent by which air is transferred to the pile covering the under surface of the
body. It is extremely interesting to watch a hydrophilid beetle come to the
surface, break the surface film by means of its antennae and bending it back so
as to touch the prothorax there is formed an opening bordered by the angle
between the head and pronotum and the antennae outside. Down this opening
the transfer of air takes place. How it is done I do not know. So far I have
discussed ©nly the adult Coleoptera. All larvae of Dytiscidae obtain their air
supply by coming to the surface, the terminal segment of the body usually being
provided with a large pair of spiracles. This is also the case with most Hydro-
philidae, though a few undoubtedly obtain their air supply by means of tracheal
gills (Berosus). In the Haliplidae I have described the method of securing an
air supply by the larvae of Peltodytes. This method is probably one of the most
remarkable yet described for Coleoptera. In the Donaciinae the larvae live on the
submerged roots and stems of aquatic plants, spatterdock, etc., and obtain their air
supply by puncturing the stem by means of two powerful anal spines. At the base
»f these spines are 'the spiracles which are thus placed in contact with the air in
the inter-cellular spaces of the plant. This is certainly one of the most remark-
able adaptations for the obtaining of an air supply.

In the Diptera there, are many aquatic larvae which obtain their air supply
directly at the surface of the water. This is found in the aquatic Crane-flies, the
soldier flies, Culicidae and others. In the Syrphidae we find the rat-tailed maggot
which is provided with a long anal process. This is projected through the surface
film while the possessor revels in the filth below.

There are three ways by which aquatic larvae may obtain their air supply
from that dissolved in the water.

(1) Extremely thin-skinned forms which live among algae or rushing water
where oxygen is abundant. Here we have Ceratopogon (Punkies) in algae, some
very small non-case building caddis worms and a few stone flies (Chloroperla)
wliich live in rapids.

(2) Blood gills. This, the true mode of respiration among aquatic organ-
isms, is rare in the insect group. We find it practically confined to a few
dipterous forms as Chironomus, Simulium, and an amphibious Cranefly, etc.

(3) Tracheal gills. This method of securing an air supply is widely dis-
tributed and is but a modification of the ordinary tracheal respiration. Tracheal
gills are only extensions of the body wall into which run tracheae and their
attendant tracheoles. These are found «nder several different forms : —

(1) Filamentous as in the Caddis-worms, Stone-flies, some Lepidoptera
(Paraponjx), and is probably the most primitive.

(2) Lamelliform as in many Mayfly nymphs, and Damsel-flies.

i r (3) Modification of the posterior end of the alimentary canal, Dragonflies.

I shall not attempt to discuss at any length man^ of the other modifications
necessary for aquatic life. As the aquatic Coleoptera have become better fitted
foD rapid locomotion than any other forms it may be well to glance at their
adaptive modiications. Prof. Osborn in the American N"at. for Oct., 1903, has
described and adaptive modifications of aquatic mammals. Pro'f. Needham and
Miss Williamson in the same magazine for Aug., 1907, have shown that many of
these modifications find their parallel in the Oytiscidae. I may mention some
of them; (1) Eigidity of the body which has been brought about by compacting
and co-adaptation of the external parts of the skelton. This co-adaptation has

1913 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 95

been well described by David Sharp in the Transactions of the Royal Dublin
Society for 1882. (2) Diminished resistance by, —

(a) Eounding of the contours giving a boat-shaped form.

(b) Depression of the eyes.

(c) Loss of hair and sculpture.

(d) Flattening of hind. legs in horizontal plane.

(3) Increased efficiency of swimming of the hind legs. (4) Lowering the
centre of specific gravity by the formation of an air cavity under the Elytra.

I cannot leave this discussion, however short, of the adaptation of aquatic
insects without again calling attention to this inviting field of research. Very
little has as yet been done, none of the groups have been monographed and but
few life-histories have been studied in detail.

Turning our attention now to the economic significance of this insect life of
the water. These aquatic forms may be grouped into two general classes, herb-
ivors and carnivors. Now the primary crop of our waters, ponds, lakes, streams,
is fish. In order to utilise our ponds, streams, and lakes to their fullest extent* it
is necessary that they produce a crop which will be of value to man. How is this
to be bought about? Can we not utilise this insect fauna to our own advantage?
In other words why should we not have a system of water culture. Before we
can have any such system it is first necessary to know our water fauna and flora. I
mean know in the sense of life-histories, habits, food, times and rate of repro-
duction, means of propagating, isolating, etc., all those things that a progressive
farmer must kaow before he can successfully raise crops. It is becoming more
and more essential with our increasing cost of production and consequent high cost
of living that we utilise our open lakes, ponds and streams so that they may
produce a valuable crop as fishes. As Professor Needham has so often pointed
out, water is one of man'e primary pleasure grounds and sources of food supply.
At present it provides but a poor and uncertain crop which certainly could be
doubled and trebled if we only could develop as successful a water culture as we
have a land. culture.

In order to have a successful water culture we must kave *(1) Isolation and
growth in pure culture, in other words we must eliminate or lighten the struggle
for existence.

(2) Provide suitable environment.

(3) Control the food supply and enemies.

(4) Provide suitable varieties.

So far as insects are concerned in a successful water culture they are im-
portant as a food supply, and in many cases dangerous as predaceous on small
fry as well as on insect herbivors. Prof. S.- iA. Forbes has shown in his studies
on fish food that insects constitute an important supply. He found Mayflies,
Midges, (adults and larvae), Caddis-worms, Water-boatmen, etc., in their
st«maohs. When we consider the enormous egg prodiiction of such mayflies as
Gallibaetis we see at onee an important source of food supply particularly when we
are able to control the rearing of these forms. Then there are periodic forms as
Blasturus, Siphlurus, Ephemera, Choroterpes, giving us an enormous food supply.
So also amongst Dragonflies. Then what an enormous food supply when we are
able to control the rearing of the many forms of aquatic Diptera, Trichoptera, etc.
Though many of the more general features of the life-histories have been worked
out, very little has bee» done in the way of successful rearing of these forms as the

96 THE EEPOET OF THE No. 36

basis of a permanent food supply for fishes. Along with the rearing of the forms
suitable for fish food it will always be necessary to keep out of our ponds the
predaceous forms such as the larger species of Dytiscidae and Hydrophilidae. In
my limited observations on these forms I found them to attack small fish and kill
them very easily. So it will also be necessary to carefully study the predaceous
forms in order to lessen the dangers of fish culture.

The basic food of our fresh waters is vegetable, largely plant plankton. This
forms the basis for the animal plancton which in turn provides the food supply for
the younger fishes. Our herbivorous insects in turn provide a considerable food
for larger fishes while these in turn are devoured by larger fishes. If we see to it
that the final product is a profitable crop of edible varieties of fish we will at least
have laid the foundation of a successful water culture.

All of us are compelled to earn a living, and the economic problems at present
awaiting solution provide us with means for a livelihood. These problems are
mainly concerned with the growing of land crops. Surely the future will also
find us hard at work developing a successful water culture. In the meantime
anything which we can do by adding one life-history of an aquatic form or isolated
notes may be of use in the future, and will be of permanent value.

De. Walker: I am very glad indeed that this subject has been brought up
again. I think that most of us who heard Prof. Needham's address at the Annual
Meeting two years ago realize, for the first time, the great possibilities offered by
our large tracts of swamp water in the artificial cultivation of aquatic insect larvae
as food for fish. Our fresh water fisheries are becoming rapidly exhausted, and
it is high time that more active steps were being taken to prevent any furtheir
depletion of these important natural resources. It is only by such careful in-
vestigations of the food of fish and the means by which it may be cultivated that
a sound basis for such work can be obtained.

De. Hewitt: I should like to thank Dr. Matheson for his interesting
address and also to state thaJt there is really no necessity for him to
apologize, as he seemed to be doing, for bringing forward a paper which is of the
utmost economic importance. Dr. Matheson said that there is a great necessity
for our study of aquatic insects. It seems to me that the proper place for studies
of that kind is at the universities. Students who are looking for subjects for
research work are the ones to take up this kind of study, as we cannot at present
afford to devote our time to problems primarily involving a large amount of invest-
igation along lines not of an immediate economic nature. I regard that owing
to the fact that there are so few of us at present working on the economic aspects
of entomology we are in consequence so extremely busy with our own branches
of work. Therefore, I would suggest to Dr. "Walker and others in charge of re-
search at our universities and colleges that those students might devote their
time, that is, those with inclinations in these directions, to studies of this kind;
the students in universities and colleges are those in the best position at the
present time to carry on these investigations. We heard with great interest Dr.
Needham's address two years ago on this important subject. Dr. Matheson has
again called attention to the important relations of a study of aquatic insects to
the question of the conservation of our fresh-water fish supplies. I would suggest
that we take some definite action in this matter and that we move a resolution
calling the attention of such a body as the Commission of Conservation, who have
to deal with the conservation ,of our fresh water Ifishes, etc., to the necessity of

1913 ENTOiMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 97

investigations of this kind, namely, the study of the food of our fresh-water fishes
in relation to their conservation. This matter has a very important bearing on
the question of our national food supply. I think if a resolution of this nature
were passed and forwarded to the Commission of Conservation it would do much
good and would be preferable to our retaining our opinions on this vital matter
to ourselves. I beg to propose, therefore, the following resolution:

" That in view of the decrease in the supply of the fresh-water fishes of
Canada the attention of the Commission of Conservation be called to the im-
portant fact, which is being overlooked in the endeavours to replenish depleted
waters by restocking and to stock new waters, that as the chief food of many of
our important fresh-water fishes consists of larval and adult insects a study should
be made of the available or possible food supplies in the way of insect life before
attempts are made at replenishing or stocking waters; otherwise, by stocking
waters in which the food supply is not suitable or cannot be made suitable, large
sums of money and considerable time and energy will be uselessly expended owing
to fish being planted where the food is either insufficient or of the wrong char-
acter, as the conservation of our fresh-water fishes cannot be successfully carried
out until more knowledge is available as to their feeding habits and requirements,
and concerning the insect and other fauna and available food supplies of the
waters in which they are living or which it is desirable to stock with fish, and that
a copy of this resolution be forwarded to the Secretary of the Commission of
Conservation.

Mr. Swaine : I am glad to second such a motion.

The resolution was put to the meeting and carried unanimously.

mSECT PESTS OF SOUTHERN MANITOBA DUEING 1912.
NoRMAis!' Criddle, Treesbank, Max.

In this paper an attempt is made to give a brief account of the more prominent
insects found attacking both vegetation and live stock in the vicinity of Aweme,
Manitoba, during the season of 1912. Broadly speaking, there are a number of
insects, of which we know comparatively little, doing considerable injury to crops
that require careful study, not only in Manitoba, but in Saskatchewan and Alberta
also. In all these provinces the enormous acreage under cereals has placed almost
unlimited food at the disposal of insects that formerly existed only in a few
native grasses, and which were controlled very largely by the condition and
prevalence of the plants they inhabited. Under the new conditions there is no
telling how far afield some of these species may spread, or how much damage
they may accomplish.

During 1912 several insects were present in damaging numbers, of which the
following were most noticeable.

1. Insects Injurious to Grain and Grasses.

Hessdan Fly. This species was present in small numbers in late June, when
a few larvfe were discovered near the base of wheat plants. On July 13 a few
pnpge were secured, of which, unfortunately, all but one died. This single in-

7 E.S.

98 THE REPOET OF THE No. 36

dividual produced a fly on September 6th^ thus adding more evidence to the
probability of the species having a very similar life cycle to that which it has
in the east, instead of being, as was formerly supposed, single brooded. Much
more evidence is required, however, before this point can be settled definitely.
Incidentally it may be mentioned that, according to the Alberta Department of
Agriculture, quite extensive injury was done to winter wheat in that Province
this season, and as no knowledge of its life history is available in those parts, and
consequently as no precaution are taken in sowing wheat to escape this fly, it
would' not be surprising if a very severe outbreak occurred there at any time.

In Manitoba, at least half a dozen points reported Hessian Fly damage, but
doubtless some of this, at least, are referable to other insects.

Greater Wheat-stem Maggot. This insect was present at usual in fair numbers
but occurred more plentifully in native grasses than in growing grains. Adults of
this species can be collected as a rule, from May to the middle of September.

Small Wheat-stem Maggot. A species that I expect to be Oscinis soror,
but have not been able to get identified,* was present in considerable numbers early
in the season, and did extensive injury to spring wheat, often giving whole fields
a patchy appearance, and in spots killing out fully half the plants — killing them
so completely, too, that viewed from a distance the patchyness of fields gave the
impression of the grain having failed to germinate.. And as a matter of fact,
a few farmers thought this was the cause. Later, in June and July, another
generation occurred and I found them to be quite plentiful both in the larval and
pupal stages at or near the bases of wheat plants. Many of the side shoots
(stools) thought to be killed by the combination of heat and drought were in
reality destroyed by the maggots of that fiy. Pupae collected on July 13 produced
adults from July 19 to the 27th. So there would be another brood before winter
set in — probably in volunteer wheat and such native grasses as were within reason-
able distance.

Western" Wheat-stem Sav7fly (Cephiis occidentalis). This sawfly was
again very troublesome and appears to have been quite widely spread over the
Province. Wheat and rye suffered in equal proportions and in some instances
round the edges of fields there was a loss of fully 75 per cent., the injury extending
into the grain for several hundred feet, though gradually getting less severe
towards the centre of fields.

Deep ploughing, not less than six inches, if done in the fall, appears to be
enough to prevent the flies emerging next June. It is also effective in the spring
if packed afterwards, ioose shallow spring ploughing is, however, quite valueless.
Grasshoppers. We had another rather severe outbreak of these insects, June
and early July being particularly favorable in weather conditions for their depreda-
tions. They were also proserin in damaging numbers in other districts. They
were, however, in most instances kept within reasonable bounds by means of
horse droppings, salt and paris green and the only real injury here was done
after they could fly when scattered through the crop they attacked the heads ef
all kinds of grain They also did some injury by gnawing through binder twine
used to tie sheaves. Cool wet weather in July and August had, however, a
marked effect upon them. To begin with those adverse conditi«ns prevented the
usual migratory movements by means of which they are distributed over the

•Through the kindness of Mr. J. W. Johnson this species has been determined as
Oscinis carbonaria. C. G. H.

1913 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 99

country before they commence to breed. Consequently very few left the neighbor-
hood in which they were hatched. Secondly, these conditions assisted the disease —
Empusa grilli — that had already become thoroughly established the previous year.
Many were killed for this cause. Others were attacked by parasites, and yet
others from general weakness due to lack of sunshine, dampness and cold; bo
that by the time egg laying commenced fully half the total number had vanished
from the causes mentioned. Many of the remainder being weak and climatic
conditions being still adverse, failed either to deposit any eggs at all or only
laid a small number in comparison to what a vigorous grasshopper usually does.

In spite of all these unfavorable conditions, however, a large number of egg
masses have been deposited of which less than ten jjer cent, have been destroyed
by insect enemias, so that unless these are still further reduced before next May,
or the weather is still adverse when the nymphs should appear, we may expect
another outbreak next year, though less severe than during 1912.

The commoner species present were Melanoplus atlanis, packardi, augus-
tipennis, bivittatus femtir-ruhrum dawsonii, and a few others. M. spretis has
not been observed for several years past and is not indigenous to these parts.

2. Insects Attacking Boots and Vegetables.

Koot crops were on the whole remarkably free from insect depredations. The
Colorada Potato beetles, however, are still increasing and have made potato
growing considerably more expensive than formerly. The beetles still seem
wonderfully free from enemies. This species has also caused considerable anaoyance
in gardens by eating flowering species of Nicotiana.

Another potato pest of which many complaints were received was the small
bkck Blister-beetle Macrobasis unicolor var murina; under natural conditions it
lives upon wild peas, vetch and loco weed, but at times of abundance attacks both
potato and beans. It has in the past been compared with Epicauta pennsylvanica,
which is a larger insect.

Turnip Beetles {Eniomoscelis adonidis) were also rather mere plentiful
than usual and apart from their attacks upon turnips made a specialty of
Virginian stock.

Pepper Grass Beetle (Galerum externa) appeared again in enormous num-
bers, but as it confined itself chiefly to Lepidium and a species or two of Arabis,
it could hardly be objected to.

Another beetle as yet only useful which appeared in abundance in certain
restricted localities was Disonyeha triangularis which at present has only been
found breeding in and eating lambsquarters. Whether it would also attack spinach
if that plant were placed within its reach remains to be seen.

All root-maggots were hardly to be found during the year ; cut worms, too, were
less plentiful than "asual; while the small cabbage butterfly after causing almost
a complete loss of untreated cabbage, etc., a c®uple of years ago, has now become
quite a rarity. Strange too, the species it was thought to be replacing, P.
pfotodice, is now quite common again.

3. Insects Atitacking Trees and Live Stock.

Several well known insects were observed doing injury to trees, foremost
among them being the Larch Sawfly ; which, as during the previous year, defoliated
most of the larches, though it did not last as long as usual, and the trees sooner

100 THE EEPORT OF THE No. 36

regained their greenness by means of a second growth. I believe, too, that enemies
were working among them, as a few specimens were found dead in positions that
looked very like the work of a fungus. The sawflies were, however, very widely
spread and were collected many miles away from their food plant.

Another pest which made much progress and did considerable mischief to
spruce was the Spruce Sawfly {Lophyrus dbietis). Some trees were entirely
stripped of their foliage and being evergreens the appearance and effect is much
more lasting than larch sawfly work. The insect itself is also quite different in
habit, excepting during the larval stage. The larvae appear in June from over
wintering eggs and though varying. in size are nearly all fully developed by the
middle of July. They then spin cocoons on the leaves or beneath the branches —
not beneath dead leaves or moss on the ground as does the larch sawfly. From
these the flies emerge in August, lay their eggs and die before winter sets in.

Poplar Leaf Beetle {Lina tremulae). Has again become a pest of con-
siderable magnitude — very few aspen poplars were free from them and many
small ones practically defoliated. During July and August nearly every grove
of popl9.rs was tainted by the disagreeable odour given off by the larvae.

WiLLOvs^ Leaf Beetle [Galerucella decora) again appeared suddenly over a
restricted area covering not more than a hundred acres of wood land. They had
evidently alighted after one of their usual spring excursions^ — but disappeared again
after a few days, so that little injury was accomplished.

Of otlier woodland pests the larger Poplar borer, Saperda cdlcarata, was per-
haps most conspicuous. It seems to confine itself to certain groves which it
eventually kills. The most practical remedy is seemingly to cut down and burn
all infested trees.

Among the enemies of live stock may be mentioned an unprecedented out-
break of Stable-flies Stomoxys calcitrans, which caused great annoyance to both
horses and cattle. It was also troublesome to dogs, particularly to their ears,
which were rendered quite raw by the succession of flies that attacked them.
Curiously enough, the enormous increase in Stomoxys has been accompanied — no
doubt coincidentally— by an almost total disappearance of horse flies which reached
their greatest abundance in 1910 when they Avere present in millions. This season
even single individuals were hardly procurable.

The usual mosquito pests, house flies, and those of lesser importance were
present, but departed very little from the normal in numbers.

SOME NEW OE UNRECOEDED ONTAEIO INSECT PESTS.

L, Caesar, B.A., B.S.A., Guelph.

Rliagoletis fausta. O.S. On June 22nd of this year I visited a cherry orchard
near St. Catharines to see whether any adults of the Cherry Fruit Fly had yet
appeared. At this date a few, but only a few early varieties of sour cherries and
some sweet cherries were ripening. Montmorencies were still quite green. About
100 specimens of R. cingulata were observed. There was no indication of egg laying
yet. On my way home I called at another orchard about two miles away in a
different direction from the town. While examining some pear trees which formed

1913

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY,

101

a row along the east of an old cherry orchard I was surprised to see many flies
that even to the naked eye appeared different from cingulata and resembled much
more closely E. pomonella, the Apple Maggot. I felt sure, however, that the
latter would not yet have emerged. On closer examination I saw that these flies
had no whitish crossbands on their abdomens, and that the dark crossbands on
the wings were not arranged in the same manner as those of either cingulata or
pomonella. Accordingly I had several sent to Prof. Aldrich who stated that they

Fig. 35. — Black-bodied Cherry Fruit
Fly (Rhagoletis fausta), much
enlarged. This fly is a little
larger than the following species.

were Ehagoletis fausta — the species which he had described on Page 70, Vol. XLI
of the Canadian EntomologiM as intrudens but later discovered to be identical
with fausta, the name that Osten Sacken had given it in 1877. Before I had
any reply from Prof. Aldrich I received a letter from Mr. Illingworth of Cornell
University who said that one of our students who happened to be with me the
day I found this species had called on him and shown him specimens of the'
insects which he had taken with him to Cornell. In liis letter Mr. Illingworth
kindly gave me the name of the insect and some information on the degree of
prevalence in his state.

Fig. 36.— Cherry Fruit Fly (Ehag-
oletis cingulata), much enlarged.
This fly is a little smaller than
the House Fly.

Fig. 37.— Adult of the Apple Mag-
got or Railroad Worm (Rhago-
letis pomonella), much enlarged.
This species is about the same
size as the one pictured in
Fig. 35.

During the weeks that followed I examined as many cherry orchards as I
could to see how widespread the species was and how it compared in numbers
and destructiveness with cingulata. At St. Catharines cherry orchards infested
with this species were practically free from cingulata and vice versa. It seemed
to be nearly as widespread in that district as cingulata and was probably just
about as destructive. At Grimsby both species were found in the same orchard
and apparently in about the same proportions. In many other orchards there
were cherries containing maggots of fruit flies, but as I did not see the adults
I could not tell which species they belonged to. Mr. Illingworth states that

102

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 36

fausta is quite destructive to Montmorency cherries in 'New York State. Osten
Sacken got the specimen he named from New Hampshire, and Aldrich says in
his letter that he has had several reports of it in the Eastern States. The speci-
men he described in 1909 in Can. Ent. was from British Columbia, and I notice
that Mr. A. Gibson has added a note to Aldrich's article stating that this and
aot cingulata is probably the species that caused considerable damage to cherries
in British Columbia. The chances are, therefore, that it is a Avell established
pest that has been with us for years, but overlooked.

The most striking differences between it and cingulata are that it is con-
sciderably larger — this was the first thing that caused it to attract my attention —
the abdomen- is black, lacking the white crossbands, and the dark crossbands on
the wings are very differently arranged. That it was found on the pear foliage
was apparently due to the pears being the outside row and the insects having a
better chance here to enjoy the sunlight than among the crowded cherry trees.
About two weeks later most of them were visible on the cherry leaves and fruit,
and very few on the pear. On June 22nd, the date of their discovery egg laying
had apparently not begun.

Fig. 38.— Work of Plant Bugs (Capsids) on young apples.
Capsids Attacking Apples.

Four years ago my attention was called by Mr. Joseph Tweedle to the large
number of more or less deformed fruit in his apple orchard, situated about twelve
or fourteen miles south-east of Hamilton. On examining the apples I suspected
that insects of some kind might be the cause; accordingly the next spring (1910)
I visited the orchard a week or so after the blossoms had fallen and succeeded
in discovering several Capsid nymphs feeding on the fruit and producing depres-
sions or scars wherever they had fed. About a dozen were collected and taken
to Guelph, but in my absence the adults reared from them were not looked after,
and moulded in the breeding cages. The nymphs were greenish in color, with
brownish or reddish brown wing pads, and most of them, at least, had conspicuous,
hairy antennae. No red nymphs were seen anywhere. In the spring of 1911, I
again visited the orchard and found the same type of nymphs present. One or

1913

ENTOMOLOGIOAL SOCIETY.

103

two red nymphs were found on this occasion, but they were very rare indeed. Eroni
the former nymphs brought to Guelph, six adults representing two species were
reared. Three of these were sent to Mr. Van Duzee who kindly identified them
as Paracalacoris colon. Say and Neurocolpus nubilus Say. Four out of the bIx
belonged to the latter.

This spring I thought that even though neither Mr. Baker or I had time to
devote to a careful study of the life history of these insects, it might be possible
by occasional trips to make some interesting and perhaps valuable observations on
their habits and work. Accordingly on June 12th, when the calyces of the apples
had just closed, Mr. Baker and I visited the orchard and found a good many
of the nymphs feeding as in previous years on the fruit and tender part of the
twigs. To our surprise many red nymphs were also seen, especially on the shoots
that grew up from the crown of the trees. Xone of these red nymphs, however,

Fig. 39. — Section of deformed apple,
showing small brown areas caused
by feeding of yoiung Plant Bugs
(natural size). Photo taken June
25th.

were seen on or close to the fruit; but that this species (Lygidea mendax) as well
as Eeterocordylus malinus does feed on young fruit in addition to the leaves,
has been shown by Crosby.

On June 25th, we again made a hurried trip to the or-chard. The fruit at
this time averaged about half an inch in diameter and the nymphs had almost
entirely ceased to feed on it, though tw^o or three were doing so. They evidently
now much preferred the tips of the shoots around the base of the tree. The red
nymphs here were about as numerous as the other species, but owing to their
brilliant color were more easily seen. Forty or more nymphs were taken to
Guelph, and twenty-two adults reared from them. All the red nymphs-
four in number — proved to be Lygidea mendax, the False Eed Bug, and the rest
Neurocolpus nubilus and Paracalacoris colon, six belonging to the former and
twelve to the latter; many of the red nymphs had died, being apparently less

104

THE EEPOET OF THE

No. 36

able to stand confinement on the way to Guelph.

On this second trip we had tagged a dozen apples that had been attacked,
and as I was anxious to see what these looked like, and to discover what the
adults were doing, I visited the orchard on July 20th, about a month after our
second trip. The apples were now from one to one and one-half inches in diameter.
The tagged ones, as shown in the photograph, were badly deformed. One had
dropped.

My search for adults resulted in capturing two specimens of Paracalacoris
colon, five specimens of Lygidea mendax and eighteen specimens of Neurocolpus
nubilus. The first species was taken on the shoots around the base of the tree,
no more of the species were seen; the second was chiefly taken in the same place,
but one was on some weeds in the orchard. One or two were seen up in the
tree but could not be caught. Of tlie eighteen specimens of Neurocolpus nuhilus

Fig. 40. — Spy apples nearly half grown, showing deformities caused by
feeding of young plant bugs when the apples were very small. Photo
taken July 20th.

two or three were taken on the apple shoots along with the other two species, but
the rest were captured on the following weeds along the orchard fence: catnip,
mullein, teasel, cone-flower, red-raspberry (both leaves and fruit) and ground
cherry. A search on these and other weeds fifty or more feet away from the
orchard resulted in finding none of the three species though Lygus pratensis and
two or three other Capsids were very numerous.

Examination of the shoots growing up from the base of the apple trees showed
that from two to six inches or so of the tip of almost every shoot had been
severely injured by the feeding of the Capsids. These shoots were to be found
around many trunks and in every case they had been badly injured. The injury
at a distance could easily be mistaken for Blight {Bacillus amylovorus) , but was
quite different when viewed near at hand. Some of the tips of the stem were
colored orange red, but whether this was due to the Capsids I could not decide,
especially as I had only two hours in all to spend in the orchard.

The total amount of injury to the fruit this year would probably not exceed

1913

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

105

five per cent., and not every apple that had been punctured was sufficiently
deformed to consider it a cull though very few could be classed as No. 1.

I regret that descriptions of nymphs were not made with sufficient care to
be reliable, and that we have not yet had a chance to make a study of the life
history of each species. So far as I can see, however, from the fact that the
attacking nymphs are very small when the apples are just forming and that both
nubilus and colon seem to keep pace with mendax in development, the life history
of the former two will probably closely correspond to that of Lygidea mendax and
Heterocordylus malinus as given by Crosby.

It may perhaps be of interest to note that Mr. Van Duzee states that he
usually finds Neurocolpus nubilus on Sumach and Paracalacoris colon on Bladder-

Fig. 41. — Tips of tender shoots killed by young plant bugs.

Nut. I examined carefully sumachs about half a mile from the orchard, but could
find no Capsids on any part of them. There were no Bladder-Nut bushes near.

I have taken specimens of Heterocordylus malinus on a couple of occasions
in the vicinity of Guelph, but have not yet been able to prove that they cause
any damage to apples in Ontario. Professor Parrot has found that another
Capsid, Lygus invitus, does considerable damage to pears. I have not yet hap-
pened to observe any injury from it in this Province, though probably it is
doing some.

Almost every place I go, and especially at Institute meetings deformed apples
and pears are brought in by farmers who are anxious to know the cause. From
the nature of these deformities I feel that a large field for investigation is etill
open to entomologists, though of course a good many deformities come under
the province of the plant pathologist equally as much as under that of the ento-
mologist.

106 THE EEPORT OF THE No. 36

NOTES ON INJURIOUS INSECTS IN BRITISH iCOLUMBIA IN 1912.

E, C, Treheene^ Division of Entomology, Ottawa.

The following notes and Oibservations were made during the past season. Ex-
cept for a visit to the States of Oregon and Washington, returning by way of the
Lower Kootenay district and the upper region of the Okanagan, I spent the entire
summer at Halgie, in the Eraser Valley, where the Dominion Entomological Field
Station was located. Particular attention was paid to the insects of the smaller
fruits, and the chief insect studied was the Strawberry Root Weevil (Otiorhynchus
ovatus) the most serious insect pest of this district.

Apple Insects and Others. /

The Bud Moth (Tmetocera ocellana) was particularly abundant in the
orchards of the Lower Eraser Valley this summer and undoubtedly affected the
crop to a marked extent.

The Tent Caterpillar (Malacosoma erosa) was also especially abundant,
complete defoliation of apple trees resulting in some cases. This insect is an
annually occurring pest in the Eraser Valley, and yearly causes considerable annoy-
ance to fruit-growers. Through the agency of the Agassiz Experimental Farm I
received a number of inquiries on this insect and its remedial measures. While on my
trip to the States to the south, I made special inquiries on the varieties of Tent
Caterpillars common to the Pacific Coast States, and was informed that together
with a species that corresponds directly to the Eastern Orchard pest, which is to be
found throughout the West, there are at least three species native to the Pacific
Coast States, viz., Malacosoma erosa, M. pluvialis, M. constricta. The first two
feed upon almost everything in the orchard but the pear, which under normal con-
ditions seems immune. Constricta devastates the Oak, sometimes attacking the
Prune. Erosa, so far as I could gather, in a general way, is confined to the territory
west of the Cascade Range of mountains, whereas pluvialis is to be commonly found
in the interior.

The Kootenay District this year was visited by a species of climbing cutworm,
which caused the growers considerable worry (from my reference) in the Nelson
District. Passing through this District early in September, my attention was
drawn by Mr. Morrice Middleton the Assistant Provincial E[ortioulturalist for that
District, to the destruction of a number of young newly-set apple trees by the effects
of the Paris green in the poisoned bran mixture, which mixture he had recom-
mended to control the cutworms. The growers had made the mixture of the usual
strength, but had thrown it up around the butts of the trees, which, from the action
of the arsenic, by the middle of summer became completely girdled. I saw an or-
chard of som e 200 odd trees in which fully 45 had suffered in this way, and the
owner was complaining that no reference was to be found in any of his books of
reference on the possible effects of Paris green.

Several inquiries came to hand on the subject of beetles which attack the
buds and blossoms of the young apple trees. The insects proved in most cases to
be the adults of Elater beetles, and several species are involved. Mr. Venables,
of Vernon, reports Corymbites inflatus as destructive in the Okanagan District. In
the Lower Eraser Valley, I noticed elater beetles devouring the blossoms, including
the calyx cups, the pistils and stamens, and also observed occasions where buds were

1913 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 107

taken off, presumably also due to these 'beetles. Young developing leaves were also
fed upon and maturing apples also suffered by the beetles eating portions of the
epidermis and pulp. I took some of these beetles with me to the Oregon Agricul-
tural College and identified one beetle with the collection in the Entomological
Division as Ltidius suckleyi. Another species I had in hand I could not be sure of
but it resembled closely Limonius discoideus, a species which in Oregon affects the
buds and the blossoms in the same way.

A report came to me through Mr. W. H. Brittain, Provincial Entomologist and
Plant Pathologist, at Vernon, mentioning species of weevils which affect apple
buds in the Okanagan. I understand that in Washington State, as well as in
Oregon, hud weevils are important factors to be guarded against.

A letter. with an enclosure of some apple twigs was forwarded to me from
the Agassiz Experimental Fatm as coming from Yahk, B.C., a place almost on
the border line of British Columbia and Washington State, in the Valley of the
Columbia River. The insect contained was dead, but that as it was lepidopterous
it might be referable to the injury by the larvge of the Biid Moth, which at times
takes on a boring habit in the petioles of leaves and young twigs of apples.

My attention has been drawn on one or more occasions to the malformations
of apples in the Lower Eraser Valley. The fruit on the tree would be nearly full
grown, but a certain number would have remained small, deformed, and very
" lumpy," There would often be a cluster of apples showing this appearance, as
if they had not developed for lack of proper nourishment. I was at a loss to know
the reason for this in so far as no insect could be found, neither did the " lumps "
show any appearance of insect sting or feeding punctures. While in Oregon,
Mr. H. F. Wilson, Assistant Entomologist at the Corvallis Station, drew my at-
tention to apples in the college orchard there showing what appeared to me to be
the similar injuries as those on the apples in the Lower Eraser Valley. He was
making a special study of the insects which caused these malformations and said
it was due to the Eosy Apple Aphis, {Aphis sorhi), an insect which is the most
serious apple aphis pest in Oregon — The Woolly and the Green Aphis ibeing pre-
sent.

Aphis sonbi passes the winter and spring on the tree, migrating to some un-
known host plant during the summer, returning in due course to the apple tree in
the fall.

In the Eraser Valley the Woolly Aphis (Eriosoma lanigera) is to be found in
nearly every orchard, but its presence has not attracted very marked attention on
the part of the growers. The Oyster Shell Scale is a serious pest when left alone
and not sprayed. It seems more abundant on the Coast region than in the interior.
The combined action of this scale and the Tent Caterpillar has succeeded in
killing a large number of the wild crab apple trees on the Coast, a fact that is
not deplored.

In the very early spring a small black weevil, MagdaKs aenescens, may com-
monly be seen in the orchards of the Lower Eraser Valley. But its attacks are
restricted to dead bark tissues, particularly in association with the fungous known
locally as the Black Spot Canker.

Syneta alhida is a small whitish beetle commonly occurring in the spring on
apple trees in the Eraser Valley. It is reported as devouring portions of the ex-
terior of the fruit of young developing apples and maturing cherries.

The San Jose Scale, so far as is known, is not found in British Columbia. An
occasional outbreak in the past has been reported, but to-day the country is believed

108

THE EEPOET OF THE

No. 36

to be free from this pest. It is common in the State of Washington and is gradu-
ally extending up the Okanagan Valley in the State of Washington. It can only
be a question of time that this pest will be found to occur in the orchards of British
Columbia, particularly in the Okanagan. We cannot hope for immunity from this
pest for all time, consequently from now on the growers in the lower portion of the
British Columbia Okanagan Valley will have to keep a sharp lookout for its appear-
ance, and when and where it does appear to subject it to immediate remedial

measures.

Fig. 42. — San Jose Scale. Female scale with young.

The Codling Moth is an insect of the same nature which also is gradually
extending up the Valley of the Okanagan. It is closer to the British Columbia line
than the San Jose Scale, but as yet it is not reported in the British Columhia
territory of that district. Mr. W. H. Brittain, however, found an isolated centre
of infestation at Armstrong, a point north of the Okanagan Lake, this summer.
Mr. Thos. Cunningham, the Provincial Inspector of Fruit Pests, promptly dealt
with it by collecting all the apples in the locality and boiling them in a large vat.
This action is to be highly commended as it delays as much as possible the day of
general infestation in the Province.

There seems little doubt, however, that the day is not very far distant when
the Codling Moth, like the San Jose Scale, will be present in the British Columbia
orchards, and it may reasonably be first expected in the Okanagan, for as soon
as the young orchards in the Okanagan A^alley south of the British Columbia
border line come into bearing, their infestation is merely a question of time, and
this in due course leads to the bearing orchard land in the southern portion of the
British Columbia Okanagan District. The Okanagan Valley lying east of the
Cascade Range is the channel along which the prevailing winds travel and the birds
migrate.

In my brief stay in the Okanagan I found the orchard mites Bryohia and
Tetranychus of economic importance. They are present also in the Lower Eraser
Valley, but the dry climate of the interior seems to be more favarohle to the growth
and reproduction.

1913 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 109

The Pear Tree Blister Mite was found to occur in every orchard in the
Eraser Valley similarly so with the Pear Tree Slug. ~ The latter is two brooded.
The first brood this year did not appear in such numbers as to cause any material
loss. The second brood appeared to be more plentiful in point of numbers, but it
occurred late enough not to injure the trees, merely assisting nature to ripen the
wood. Myzus cerasi and the Green Apple i\.phis also occurred in the Eraser Valley
but I saw no instance on mature trees where their presence was causing material
harm. In this country where the seasons are long and the growth luxuriant, in-
sects of this nature tend to check the excessive growth, and unless present in too
great numbers act almost as a beneficent agency.

An insect which for the time being is called the Lesser Apple Worm can
generally be found at apple picking time occurring lightly in most orchards in the
Eraser Valley. It appears to affect the Crab, Spy, Gravenstein, and King apples
in particular. I have not bred this insect to the adult yet, so cannot be sure it is
the same insect as occurs in a similar way in the Eastern orchards. I am hoping
to bring some of these insects through the winter and work on their life history
next summer.

Small Eruit Insects.

In the Lower Eraser Valley, which is pre-eminently a small fruit and truck
gardening district, the one serious pest in proportion to the injury is the Straw-
berry Root Weevil, Otiorhynchus ovatus. The larvae girdle the roots of the plants,
causing death either by malnutrition or by expo^iQg the plants to the drying action
of sun and wind, for the deeper roots are taken off\s a rule previous to the surface
roots, consequently the whole root surface is forced nearer the ground surface. As
a rule plantations do not suffer until the spring of the second year from planting,
although I was informed locally that occasions have arisen whereby the infestation
was so severe that plantations had to be plowed up previous to taking the first crop
and sometimes just after the first crop was picked. Such cases are, I would fancy,
the exception and not the rule, and some peculiar local dependent conditions must
have been present. I have paid particular attention to the biology of this weevil
this summer and am preparing a much longer and detailed report on its habits,
but the general points in its life history are somewhat as follows. My notes only
extend over this season, so due allowance must be made until duplicate notes are
obtained next year or succeeding years.

The egg-laying period in the field began albout June 15th and extended till
August 22nd. The egg stage per individual laster 22-24 days. The larvae began
to hatch about July 15th and continued to hatch until September llth. The great
majority of the larvae pass the winter in the half-grown larval state and emerge
as the adult in the middle of June and continue emerging until the first part of
July. The pupal stage like the egg stage lasts about three weeks. There is only
two weeks in the year when the ground may be presumably free from the presence
of larvae and that is the early part of July. I have no records of date of a second
brood. The list of its food plants is a very long one, and while it has shown itself
particularly fond of strawberry roots, I believe its primary food is the roots of
grasses. I have taken the larvae of the weevil feeding indiscriminately upon roots
of weeds and strawberries intermingling in the strawberry row.

The most satisfactory remedy that can be devised to date, when the acreage is
available, is fall plowing and rotation of crops. But the unfortunate part of it is
that the farms are so small, 5-10 acres, for the most part where this insect occurs

110 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

that even if rotation is individually practised it practically amounts to growing
strawberries year by year on the same piece oi ground. The best remedy for prevent-
ing infestation that can be suggested at present on these small farms, where the
weevils have become concentrated, is to stop the production of strawberries for a
year or two, cultivating the ground frequently, allowing chickens free range in the
infested patch, and then when reasonably sure that the ground is clean to evolve a
system entailing a barricade against the weevil which from the structure of its wing
covers cannot fly and is doomed to walk the earth. A wooden boarding with an
overlap of tin on the under surface of which is placed some sticky material such as
" Tree Tanglefoot " might be employed to advantage on a small farm. The frame-
work could be made permanent and by the annual application of some sticky
material for two months in the summer it might be made the means of keeping
a great majority of the weevils out. One grower, near Portland, Oregon, was prac-
tising some such scheme as this, using tar or some mixture with tar on his tin, but
I do not think it proved entirely successful. The principle is still an experiment
both as regards efficiency and cost of maintenance.

The cheapest and most efficient mixture experimented with this summer to be
used on the barricade was a mixture of resin gum and boiled oil in a proportion
of 3 to 1. This mixture must be applied direct to the tin surface and not to the
wood, for the wood absorbs the oil and the plan quickly becomes worthless. Com-
mercial Tanglefoot will give good results, provided every care is given the question
of preventing rain splajshing up on to its surface. Rain-splashed it soon becomes
worthless, but protected, and even on a wood surface, its holds its efficiency, most
of the summer, on a single application. Its price might prove prohibitory to the
general grower.

Unless some such plan like this is devised it seems little use growing straw-
berries two years in succesision on a small acre farm, for the profit to the acre is
liable to be so reduced that it is hardly worth while growing the plants. I should
assume that not much more than one acre in ten should be planted to strawberries
in a weevil infested district, perhaps then a system of rotation could be arranged
with the neighboring farmers if they were all interested in the same way.

Another insect reported to me by correspondence from Grand Prairie, B.C.,
is the Currant Fruit Miner (Epochra canadensis), which is present throughout
the Western states and British Columbia, and where Currants and Gooseberries are
being grown is a decided pest, the worst of its kind for the fruits it attacks.

The Current Boeek (Aegeria tipuliformis) is another pest which would
assume large proportions if the crop was more planted. It is commonly to be found
in the Lower Fraser Valley.

Truck Crops.

Fully 75 per cent, of the enquiries at the Agassiz Experimental Farm have
been in connection with the Cabbage Maggot. I have invariably replied giving the
Carbolic Acid Emialsion as a remedy and the Tarred Discs. On two occasions re-
ports were retwrned that the Carbolic solution had given good results when applied
early. The truck gardeners around Vancouver suffer severely from this class of
insect.

I have also received a report, with specimens enclosed, of the larvae of some
elater beetle — wireworms — from Mission, which were working on the tubers of
potatoes in the ground. The potatoes on being dug were found to have these
" worms " inside.

1913 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Ill

In connection with Potato insects I would like to draw attention to the ap-
proach of the Colorado Potato Beetle {Leptinotarsa decemlirieata) to the boun-
daries of British Columhia. Some ten years ago this heetle became imported and
localized near a place called Nez Perce, in Idaho. It has now extended its territory
into Washington, so much so that the south-east corner of the state is generally
affected. An isolated report was received by Professor Melander, of Pullman, by
correspondence this summer describing an insect which left little doubt of its nature
on the presence of this 'beetle at a place called Metaline Falls, a point some ten odd
miles south of the British Columbia border line, in the Columbia River Valley,
opening into the Lower Kootenay country. If this report is correct we may expect
to receive reports of its presence in British Columbia in the near future, at any
rate it is in the same class as the Codling Moth and the San Jose Scale and may
be expected in the course of years under natural conditions.

Except for another outbreak of the Californian Tortoiseshell butterfly ( Vanessa
calif ornica), in the Kootenay country, confining its depredations to the bush and cul-
tivated places, this about completes the record of my British Columbia notes on in-
sects occurring during the past six months. I hope in a few days to make out my
report on these same insects as mentioned much more fully and explanatory.

AESENITE OF ZINC AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR, ARSENATE OF LEAD.
L. Caesae, B.A., B.S.A., Guelph.

Arsenite of Zinc is a very fine whitish, fluffy powder, much lighter than Paris
Green. It contains approximately forty per cent, of arsenious acid, which is about
three times as much as Arsenate of Lead contains. It costs twenty cents a pound
f.o.b. and is manufactured by the California Chemical Spray Co., Watsonville, Cali-
fornia. For some years this company has heen testing the value of Arsenite of
Zinc, and claims that the results have been highly satisfactoTy. Prof. Melander, of
Pullman, Washington, in limited tests states that it gave excellent results against
Codling Mothf. Prof. Cooley, of Montana Agricultural Experiment Station, says
that in his experiments it controlled Potato Beetles as well as Paris Green did, and
that it is a very stable compound, no arsenical injury taking place to the crown or
bark of trees, even when wounds were made and bandages kept moist with the
mixture were applied. Arsenate of Lead and all other arsenicals tested caused more
or less injury when thus used.*

Statements like these led me to make some tests at Guelph this year, and to
urge other parties in various parts of the province to co-operate so that a com-
parison of results might give some valuable information.

The first test was for Codling Moth. Alternate trees in two old orchards were
sprayed with Arsenite of Zinc and Arsenate of Lead. A little over 1 lb. of the
the former to 40 gallons of dilute lime-sulphur (1.008 sp. gr.) was used and 3 lbs.
of the latter to the same amount and strength of lime-sulphur. In my absence my
colleague, Mr. A. W. Baker, did the spraying and took the necessary pains to see
that it was thorough. Examinations of the trees at various times throughout the
season showed that while both mixtures gave excellent results the trees sprayed
with Arsenite of Zinc were a little cleaner than the others, only very rarely an
apple being wormy. Unsprayed trees had much wormy fruit.

Mr. Beckett, an extensive grower of apples at Hamilton, and Mr. J. E. Smith,
of Simcoe, co-operated in tests against the Codling Moth with Arsenite of Zinc. The

i^lfetin No. 103, Agr. Expt. Sta. Pullman, Washington.
♦Journal of Econ. Ent., Vol. 5, No. 2.

112 THE EEPORT OF THE No. 36

former used 100 lbs. of the poison and reported that in his opinion it was quite as
satisfactory as Arsenate of Lead; the latter said that he was also pleased with the
results, hut did not think his tests sufficiently extensive to draw reliable conclu-
sions.

My second test was against Potato Beetles. Mr. G. J. 'Spencer conducted this
for me. On one plot he used 1 lb. Arsenite of Zinc to 40 gallons Bordeaux mixture,
and on another 3 lbs. Arsenate of Lead to the same amount of Bordeaux. Both
poisons destroyed all the beetles, so that perfectly satisfactory results were obtained.

In no case, whether combined with the lime-sulphur or with Bordeaux, did we
see any evidence of burning; moreover, the fungicidal value of the lime-sulphur did
not seem to have been lessened, because even the Snow apples that were sprayed
were almost entirely free from Scab, quite as free as those sprayed with Arsenate of
Lead and lime-sulphur. As the potatoes were early varieties and ripened before
there was any injury from Blight we cannot speak of the effect from this disease,
so destructive this year to late potatoes.

The result of this year's experiments would therefore go to show that Arsenite
of Zinc may prove to be a very excellent and safe insecticide and may even super-
sede Arsenate of Lead, especially as, apart from its poisoning merits, it has several
advantages over the latter : —

(1) It can be easily stored, being a powder, whereas Arsenate of Lead is a
paste and should not be allowed to freeze or dry out.

(2) It takes less time to prepare for the tank, all that is necessary being to
mix up the desired amount in a pail with a little water and then pour it into the
tank, whereas Arsenate of Lead, being a paste, takes a good deal of stirring in
water to bring it into suspension.

(3) It can be manufactured more cheaply than Arsenate of Lead; one pound
costing 20 cents, but each pound contains as much arsenious acid as a;bout three
pounds of Arsenate of Lead, and therefore is equivalent in killing power to that
amount. As Arsenate of Lead costs at least 10 cents a pound, an equal strength
of Arsenite of Zinc would cost only two-thirds this amount.

(4) When used alone in water we found that it remained in suspension con-
siderably longer than Arsenate of Lead, this being due probably to the greater
fineness of the particles of which it is composed. AVhen added to lime-sulphur
this advantage was lost as it settled somewhat rapidly, thus indicating that con-
stant agitations would be necessary. In sticking qualities it is apparently slightly
inferior to Arsenate of Lead.

Whether any chemical action takes place when it is added to lime-sulphur is
difficult to determine for certain, as in tests made by the chemists very little if any
change could be detected.

Although this season's work has given me a very favorable opinion of Arsenite
of Zinc, I should not care to recommend anyone to use it except experimentally
for a year or two yet until we see how it will act under different conditions of
moisture and temperature. In conversation with some men from the United
States I was told that they had heard that the results there this year were not
satisfactory. Whether this be correct or not, it is probable that the insecticide has
been tested in many states and reports should soon begin to come in. These re-
ports ought to give us information as to the real value of Arsenite of Zinc. Should
it prove to be very satisfactory, there is little doubt that it would soon be manu-
factured in many parts of the United States and Canada, so that it could be pro-
cured without the present high cost for freight or express.

1913 EJ^TTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 113

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL EECORD, 1912.

Arthur Gibson, Chief Assistant Entomologist, Division of Entomology,

Ottawa.

In general throughout Canada the climatic conditions of 1912 were not favour-
able for the collection of insects. In eastern Ontario and throughout Quebec the
weather during the summer months was disappointing, being cool with much rain.
In the Ottawa district practically the only warm, clear weather in the whole season
was in the first two weeks of July. At Chelsea, Que., in the Gatineau hills, near
Ottawa, where I had a cottage for the season, the evenings with few exceptions
were decidedly cool, and unless well clad it was almost impossible to sit out on the
verandah with any degree of comfort. Night after night I " sugared " nearby
trees for noctuids, but seldom saw more than two or three specimens on a tree
during a whole evening. Similar statements indicating, on the whole, a " poor
collecting season " were received from collectors in various parts of the Dominion".

During the year several important expeditions were made to various parts of
Canada by well known naturalists, and many specimens of insects were collected
for study by specialists in the United States. Prof. E. C. Oshurn, of Columbia
University, New York, spent a part of the summer in collecting in British Columbia,
particularly at Ivaslo, Glacier and in the Yoho Valley, near Field. Messrs. Riley
and HoUister, of the United States National Museum, collected at many points in
western Canada; Mr. H. T. Cleaves, of the Public Museum of the Staten Island
Association of Arts and Sciences, New Brighton, N.Y., visited Nova Scotia, collect-
ing chiefly in the vicinity of South Deerfield and Lake George, also on Seal Island ;
Mr. D. H. Nelles, of the Dominion Alaska Boundary Survey, brought hack several
small collections, mostly made near Rampart House, Y.T. Mr. Nelles informs me
that Mr. J. M. Jessop, while engaged in geological work for the U.S. Government,
along the 141st Meridian, hetween the Porcupine River and the Arctic Ocean, made
large collections of lepidoptera and coleoptera.

"We have again to gratefully acknowledge the invaluable help received from
recognized authorities in the United States and elsewhere. Particular acknowledge-
ment is due to Dr. L. 0. Howard and his expert associates, Dr. Dyar, Dr. Banks,
Messrs. Schwarz, Busck, Crawford, Viereck, Rohwer, and Knab; Sir Oeorge Hamp-
son of the British Museum ; Mr. W. D. Kearf ott, of Montclair, N.J. ; Prof. H. F.
Wickham, of Iowa City, Iowa; Mr. E. P. Van Duzee, of Buffalo, N.Y.; Mr. W.
Beutenmuller and Mr. J. A. Grossbeck, of New York, N.Y. ; Dr. Henry Skinner, of
Philadelphia, Pa.; Dr. E. M. Walker, of Toronto, Ont.; Col. Thos. L. Casey, of
Washington, D:C. ; C. W. Johnston, Boston, Mass.; Mr. Chas. Liebeck, of Phila-
delphia, Pa. ; Mr. J. D. Evans, of Trenton, Ont. ; Mr. F. H. Wolley-Dod, of Millar-
vlUe, Alta. ; Prof. Cockerell, of Boulder, Col. ; Prof. J. S. Hine, of Columbus, Ohio ;
and Dr. W. G. Dietz, of Hazleton, Pa.

Literature.

Among the many valuable publications which have been received during 1912,
and which are of interest to Canadian students, mention may be made of the fol-
lowing : —

Barnes, W., and McDunnoqcih, J. H. Contributions to the Natural History
of the Lepidoptera of North America: Decatur, 111. (to he obtained from Dr. A¥il-
liam Barnes). Vol. I.. No. 1— Revision of the Cossidae, 35 pp., 7 plates, price
8 E.S.

114 THE EEPORT OF THE Xo. 36

$1.50; Vol. I., Xo. 2 — The Lasiocampid genera Gloveria and its Allies, 17 pp., 4
plates, price $1.00 ; Vol. I., 'No. 3 — Revision of the Megathymidae, 43 pp., 6 plates,
price $1.25; Vol. I., No. 4 — Illustrations of Eare and Typical Lepidoptera, 57 pp.,
27 plates, price $3.50; Vol. I., No. 5— Fifty New Species: Notes on the Oeuus
Alpheias, 44 pp., 5 plates, price $1.50; Vol. 1, No. 6 — On the Generic Types of
North American Diurnal Lepidoptera, 13 pp., price 50c. These important con-
tributions are very welcome and we sincerely hope they are but a beginning to many
which the authors will prepare. The illustrations are excellent.

Casey^ Thos. L. Memoirs on the Coleoptera, III.; New Era Printing Co.,
Lancaster, Pa., issued March 20, 1912. This memoir of 386 pages consists of three
parts: I. — Descriptive Catalogue of the American Byrrhida?; II. — A Eevision of
the American Genera of the Tenebrionid Tribe Asidini, and III. — Studies in the
Longicornia of North America. In the first paper 58 Byrrhids are described as
new; of these, 15 are from Canada. In the revision of the Asidini, 133 are described
as new species and 30 as new subspecies. None of these are from Canada. In Part
III. the descriptions of 172 new species and 40 new subspecies are given; of these,
five species and one subspecies are from Canada.

CocKERELL, T. D. A. Names Applied to Bees of the Genus Osmia, found in
North America: Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 42, pp. 215-225; separates published
April 13, 1912. In this list 167 names are given, 60 of which are represented by
specimens in the collections of the U. S. N. M. ; of these 60, 22 are types or para-
types. In each case the type, locality, and collector of the type is given, if known.
Many brief descriptive notes are also given. This paper will be a useful one.

CocKERELL, T. D. A. Names Applied to the Eucerine Bees of North America :
Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 43, pp. 261-273 ; separates published Oct. 19, 1912. The
previous catalogue of the North American Eucerines appeared in the Transactions
of the American Entomological Society, Vol. 32, 1906. Since, numerous species
have been added and a few changes in nomenclature made. The present list gives
the type localities, and names of collectors of the types when known. There are
also references to the principal synoptic tables. Students of the Hymenoptera will
welcome this new catalogue.

CoMSTOCK, J. H. The Spider Book— A Manual for the Study of the Spiders
and Their Near Eelatives, The Scorpions, Pseudoscorpions, Whipscorpions, Har-
vestmen, and Other Members of the Class Arachnida, found in America North of
Mexico, with Analytical Keys for their Classification and Popular Accounts of
their Habits: New York; Doubleday, Page and Co., 1912, pp. xv. + 707, 771 figs.;
price $4.00. This companion book to The Butterfly Book, The Moth Book, The
Insect Book, and the other extremely useful nature books published by the above
firm will be eagerly welcomed hy entomologists. The systematic descriptions of the
genera and species, and particularly the keys for their identification are specially
valuable. The illustrations throughout the book are excellent. Now that such a
reliable volume is obtainable we hope to see a much wider interest taken, in Canada,
in these interesting creatures. To the author we extend our best congratulations
on the completion, in such a beautiful form of his years of work on spiders.

CosENS, A. A Contribution to the Morphology and Biology of Insect Galls:
Reprinted from the Transactions of the Canadian Institute, Vol. IX., 1912; Uni-
versity Press, Toronto; pp. 297-387, plates I.-XIII. The results of the studies
communicated in this contrilmtion are most valuable. Much- original matter is pre-
sented. Students of insect galls will welcome this important addition to the
literature.

1913 EXTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 115

JoHANNSEN, 0. A. The Mjcetophilidse of North America : Maine Agri. Exp.
Station, Bull. No. 196 (Dec. 1911, first copies mailed March 8, 1912), Part III. —
The Mycetophilinae, pp. 349-328, plates 5; Bull. No. 200 (June 1912, first copies
mailed July 2, 1912), Part IV.— (conclusion), pp. 57-146, plates 7. In this latter
part the species of the genera of the MycetophiliniB not characterized in Part III.
are described, as well as the species of the sub-family Sciarinae. In these parts
eight new species are described from Canada. These bulletins on the Fungus Gnats
of North America are important contributions.

Hampson, Sik Geoege F. (Bart.). Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalfenje in
the British Museum, Vol. XL, Noctuidae, 1912, 689 pp., plates CLXXIV-CXCL,
received 17th May, 1912. The subject of this volume is the classification of the sub-
families Euteliana?, Stictopterina?, Sarrothripinas and Acontiana?; 941 species are
included belonging to 150 genera. " The four subfamilies are modifications of the
great quadrifid section of the noctuidae and are almost confined to the tropical and
warmer temperate regions, few genera and species extending to the colder zones
and none to the Arctic and Alpine zones." Records of thirty-one species from
North America are given in the volume, eight of which are from Canada.

Hooker, Charles AV. The Ichneumon Flies of America belonging to the Tribe
Ophionini; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. XXXVIII Nos. 1 and 2, pp. 1-176, plates I-
III, received 22 June, 1912. In the opening chapters, External Anatomy, Variation,
Abnormalities, Geological History, Life History and Habits, Economic Importance
Disease and Natural Enemies are briefly discussed. In the study -of the tribe, the
author has examined all but four of the types existing in America, so far as known.
Seven of the North American species are stated to occur in Canada. This mono-
graphic treatment of the Ophionini is an important contribution, and one which
will be of particular value to economic entomologists.

Krober, 0. Die Therviden Nordamerikas : Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung,
73, Jahrgang, Heft II; received Dec. 23, 1912. In this paper," pages 209-272, the
author confines himself to a thorough discussion of the species before him. Nine
genera are included, full descriptions being given of 36 species; nine of the latter
are described as new, one of which is from Canada.

Malloch, J. K. The Insects of the Dipterous Family Phoridffi in the United
States National Musemum; Proc. U. S'. N. M., Vol. 43, pp. 411-529, with plates
35-41, published Dec. 14, 1912. In this paper many species are described as new,
eleven of which are from Canada. Little is known about the larval habits of these
insects. This contribution is an important one and we hope it will lead to studies
in the life-histories of the species. The plates show structural characters.

O'Kane, AV. C. Injurious Insects; How to Eecognize and Control them,
illustrated with 600 original photographs.. New York: The MacMillan Company;
published November, 1912, 414 pages, price $2.00. This new reference book on
insect pests will be found of value to farmers, fruit-growers, market gardeners, in
fact, anyone interested in any branch of agriculture. It is profusely illustrated.

pERRix, Joseph and Eussfll, Jokx. Catalogue of Butterflies and Moths col-
lected in the neighborhood of Halifax and Digby, N. S.; Transactions of the Nova
Scotian Institute of Science, Vol. XII, part 3, pp. 258-290 ; Halifax, author's sep-'
arates published 8 Feby., 1912. This is a very useful list. 530 species and varieties
are included, 60 of hutterflies and 470 moths. Few records of species in the fami-
lies following the geometridae in Dyar's Catalogue are included, and when further
systematic collecting is done, particularly in the microlepidoptera, the list will be
materially added to.

116 THE REPOET OF THE No. 36

Sanderson, E. Dwight, and Jackson, C. F., Elementary Entomology, 372
pages, 496 figs.: Grinn & Co., Boston, New York, Chicago, London; price $3.00.
This new elementary text book, which although, as the authors state, is largely
a compilation from the works of others, will undoubtedly receive the welcome it
deserves. It is divided into three parts, viz. ; Part I — The Structure and Growth
of Insects, Part II — The Classes of Insects, Parts III — Laboratory Exercises. The
senior author is responsible for Parts I and II, and the junior author for Part III.

Sandebson, E. Dwight. Insect Pests of Farm, Orchard and Garden, 684
pages, 513 illustrations : New York, John Wiley & Sons, also the Eenouf Publishing
Co., Montreal, price $3.00. In this useful book, the author discusses the more
important insect pests of the farm, orchard and garden. The work will be of special
value to those working in economic entomology, and of course to the practical
farmer, fruit-growef, or gardener. Any one interested in insect life, however, will
find the volume a valuable source of reference.

Walkee, E. M. The North American Dragonflies of the Genus Aeshna : Uni-
versity of Toronto Studies, Biological Series No. 11. The University Library:
Published by the Librarian, 1912, (received May 2, 1912). This monographic
treatment, of 213 pages, of the North American Dragonflies of the above genus, is
an extremely important contribution. The genus is considered in its narrowest
sense, the species separated from it by Williamson under the names Coryphseschna
being excluded. Taxonomic characters are discussed on pages 4 to 25 ; variations
on pages 25-30 and General Life-history on pages 30-56. Pages 56-202 are taken
up in a systematic treatment of the species. Keys are given for the identification
of the males and the females. The keys are followed "with full descriptions of the
species, distributions, etc. Pages 203-213 give a list of the literature cited. The
volume closes with a series of magnificent plates, Nos. 1 to 28, reproduced from the
author's own drawings. The cost of the plates was generously met by Sir Edmund
Walker, Chairman of the Board of Governors of the University. Entomologists
generally will welcome this valuable publication.

WiCKHAM, H. F. AND WoLGOTT, A. B. Notcs on Cleridse from North and
Central America; Bulletin of the State University of Iowa, Vol. VI, No. 3, pp.
49-67. This paper is a catalogue of the species of cleridse contained in the collection
of the senior author and is intended as a contribution to the exact knowledge of
the distribution of the species of the family on the North American continent.
Three new species and two new varieties described. Many Canadian records are
given.

Winn, Albert F. A Preliminary List of the Insects of the Province of
Quebec, Part I, Lepidoptera. Published as a supplement to Report of the Quebec
Society for the Protection of Plants, 1912. This very useful list of 103 pages has
recently been received. The arrangement of the order is similar to that adopted
by Smith in his 1909 edition of the Insects of New Jersey. Before each family a
brief account of the chief characters are given, and under each species all localities
known to the author within the Province are mentioned, together with the month
in which the species was met with. The name of the collector is indicated by an
abbreviation explained in the opening chapter. This list will prove of much value
not only to lepidopterists within. the Province of Quebec, but to all others interested
in North American species. Our hearty congratulations are extended to the com-
piler, to the Society in its work in connection with the list, and to the Quebec
. Government for its aid in having the list printed. We hope that other parts will
appear soon. If an index were added to the next part published it would add very
much to its value.

1913 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 117

The following is a list of the names and addresses of collectors heard from
during 1912 :—

Anderson, E. M., Provincial Museum, Victoria, B.C.

Baird, Thomas, High Eiver, Alta.

Beaulieu, G., Experimental Farm, Ottawa.

Beaulne, J. L, Experimental Farm, Ottawa.

Bethune, Eev. Prof., 0. A. C, Guelph.

Boulton, A. E. M., Quebec, Que.

Brittain, W., Vernon, B.C.

Bush, A. H., 1105 Ninth Ave., Vancouver, B.C.

Chagnon, Gus., Box 521, Montreal.

Chasrnon, W., St. Johns, Que.

Cockle, J. W., Kaslo, B.C.

Crew, E. J., 561 Carlaw Ave., Toronto.

Criddle, Norman, Treesbank, Man.

Dawson, Horace, Hymers, Ont.

Day, G. 0., Duncans, B.C. ^

Dod, F. H. Wolley, Midnapore, Alta.

Evans, J. D., Trenton, Ont.

Fyles, Eev. T. W., 368 Frank St., Ottawa.

Germain, Eev. Bro., 125 Empress St., Ottawa. i

Gibson, Arthur, Experimental Farm, Ottawa.

Hahn, Paul, 433 Indian Eoad, Toronto.

Haight, D. H., Sudbury, Ont. ' ^'

Hanham, A. W., Duncans, B.C.

Harms, J. F., Treesbank, Man.

Harrington, W. H., P. 0. Department, Ottawa.

Heath, E. F., Cartwright, Man.

Hewitt, Dr. C. Gordon. Experimental Farm, Ottawa.

Hoyler, Eev. Clement, Dundurn, Sask.

Hudson, A. P., Millarville, Alta.

Hudson, H. F., Strathroy, Ont.

Keen, Eev. J. H., Metlakatla, B.C.

Leavitt, A. G., St. John, N.B.

Lyman, H. H., 74 McTavish Street, Montreal.

Mcintosh, W., St. John, N.B.

Mignault, Eev. J. B., St. Therese, Que.

Moore, G. A., 850 St. Hubert St., Montreal.

Moore, W. H., Scotch Lake, N.B.

Metcalfe, W., 284 Lisgar St., Ottawa.

Nelles, Douglas H., Dept. Interior, Ottawa.

Nicholls, Arch., Sault Ste. Marie. Ont.

Perrin. Jos., McNab's Tslanrl. Halifax, N.S.

Eichard, Eev. A. E., Perkins, Que.

Sanders, G. E., Bridgetown, N.S.

Sanson, N. B., Banff, Alta.

Simpson, W., Dominion Observatory, Ottawa.

Sladen, F. W. L., Experimental Farm, Ottawa.

118 THE EEPORT OF THE No. 36

Swaine, J. M., Experimental Farm, Ottawa.
Tothill, J. D., Fredericton, X.B.
Treherne, E. C, Agassiz, B.C.
A'enables, E. P., Vernon, B.C.
Walker, Dr. E. M., Univ. of Toronto, Toronto
Wallis, J. B.. Machray School, Winnipeg, Man.
Willing, Prof. T. X.. Univ. of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.
, Winn, A. F., 33 Springfield Ave., Westmount, Que.
Youno-, C. H.. Victoria ^Memorial ^Museum, Otta\j'a.

NOTES OF CAPTURES.

(Species preceded l)v an asterisk (*) described during 191S.)

Lepidoptera.

(Arranged according to Dyar's List of North American Lepidoptera, U.S.
N.M. Bull. No. 52).

(Dyar's number).
41. Nathalis iole Bdv. Winnipeg, Man., Sept. 4, 1 specimen, quite fresh,

(Wallis).
Argynms sal-untala Skinner. Entered in last year's Record. This form

is the one recorded in the Alberta list as " monticola Behr?" Can.

Ent., XL., 1.51, May, 1908, (Dod).
816. Engonia calif ornica Bdv. Banff, Alta. ; last year this species was more or

less abundant in Sept. I had never noticed or taken it before; several

again this year, (Sanson) ; common in late fall of 1911; fresh looking

specimens were seen in spring of 1912, but I saw no sign of the species

this fall (1912)— Hanham.
284. Coenonymplia iyplion laidon Bork. Perkins, Que., locally abundant for

about a month; last specimen seen on July 13, (Richard).
371. IncisaUa augustus Kirby. Byron, Out., May 16, 1908, (J. A. Morden).
555. Limochrocs himacnla G. & R. The record on page 97 of Report for 1905

should have been credited to J. A. Morden. sSince, the species has again

been collected at London, on July 1.
559. Limochroes dion Edw. Hyde Park Corner, near London, Ont., July 20,

1909, (J. A. Morden).
728. Marumha modesia Harris, form occidentalis Hy. Edw. Banff, x\lta., June

12, (Sansoit) ; Lethbridge, Alta., June, (Miss L. Bentley).
847. Turuptiana permaculata Pack. Lethbridge, Alta., July 12, (Miss. L.

Bentley).
853. Estiginene prima Slosson. Halifax, N.S., June 9, (Perrin).
872. Hyphoraia parthenoa Harris. Banff, Alta., June 24, (Sanson).
960. Panthea acronycioides Walk. ^MacNab's Island, Halifax, N.S., June 15,

(Perrin).

1913 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 119

1008. Apatela funeralis Grt. Hiisavick, Man., 6 specimens, June 22, (Criddle
and Wallis).
Apatela tnstis Smith. Winnipeg, Man., Jnne 17, 1910; Husavick, Man.,
June 23, 1913, two females, (Wallis). This form was included in the
original material to which the name inclara was given hy Smith, that is,
the series referred to under liamamelis in Smith and Dyar's Monograph..
It is probably the very form which caused the confusion of the series with
true liamamelis Gwcn. =:affU eta Grt., which it resembles very closely m
colour. Plate xii., fig. 13, of the monograph is most likely tristis,
(Dod).

1053. Hariisimemna trisignata Walk. Winnipeg. Man., June 13, 1 specimen
at light; new, I think, to Manitoba, (Wallis)

1097. Platyperigea praeacuta Smith. Peachland, B.C., Aug., 10, (Wallis).

il09. Caradrina niiranda Grt. Dunoan's, B.C., -May, first record for this locality
( Hanham ) .

1151. Hadena riolacea Grt. Clayoquot, B.C., Aug. 1, 1909, (Anderson).

1199. Hadena versuta Smith. St. Therese Island, St. John's Co., Que., July
15, (Chagnon). New to the Quebec list.

1311. Hadena stipata Morr. Bridgetown, N.S., Sept. 3, (Sanders).

1215. Hadena longula Grt. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 13, (Wallis).
Feralia. furtiva Sm. Hymers, Ont., (Dawson).

1331. Oncocnemis levis Grt. Lethbridge, Alta., Aug. 33, (Wallis). New to
Canada, (Dod).
Oncocnemis laticollis Smith. (Jour. X. Y. Ent. Soc, xvi., 91, June,
1906). Peachland, B.C., Aug. 11, one male (Wallis). Described from
Stockton, Utah. The Peachland specimen agrees with specimens from
type locality, but is rather more powdery, and has faint indications of
median lines, (Dod).

1360. Oncocnemis regina Smith. Lethbridge, Alta., Aug. 36, (Wallis). Differs
somewhat from type, but if not this species it is indescribed, (Dod).

1391. Bhynchagroiis hnmneicoUis Grt. Aweme, Man., ^July 39, (Criddle). I
can find no previous record for Canada, (Dod).
Aplectoides occiclens Hampson. The type of this species is a female in
. the British Museum labelled "B.C., (Richardo). It formerly stood
ViWdiQT: imperii a and was referred to by me under tkat heading in the
Entomological Eecord for 1910. Another female in my own collection
is a co-type, and was taken by Mr. Wallis, at Penticton, B.C., on Aug,
18th, several years ago. I have seen no others. Its nearest ally is fales
Smith, which I consider an obscure form of pressa, (Dod).

1419. Platagrotis condUa Gn. Husavick, Man., June 32, 33, two males,

(Wallis). The name has previously been recorded from Manitoba, but
these are the first I have seen like it. They come very close to
Hampson's figure but may possibly be distinct. The specimen figured
by Hampson is from Montreal, and the species should be added to the
Quebec list, (Dod).

1420. Platagrotis sincera H.-S. Banff, Alta., Aug. 19, 1909 ; Aug. 39, Sept. 1

5, 1911, four males at light, (Sanson). I use the name sincera ten-
tatively, as it stands in our lists as from Labrador. Staudinger also
gives Lalbrador w4th several European and Asiatic localities. Hampson

120 THE EEPOET OF THE No.SG

adds "U.S.A., mountains of northern and middle States"; on what
authority I know not, as there are no North American specimens in the
collection. The Banff form seemed to me to come nearer some specimens
under gelida, though not to the one Hampson figured as such, (Dod).
Setagrotis filiis Smith. This species which I recorded from Banff
previously, turns out to be the vernilis of Grote, the vernilis of the
Kootenai list being apparently another species, (Dod).

1535. Feltia robustior Smith. Aweme, Man., Aug. 17, 19, (Griddle).

1553, Euxoa catenula GTt.=zcontagionis Smith. Peachland, B.G., Aug. 10, one
female, (Wallis). This is the first true catenula that I have seen from
Canada, the specimen being one of those forms which closely resemble
Porosagrotis vetusta in colour and some of the markings, thus accounting
for the original confusion of the two species. As to structure it has closer
allies in Euxoa than in Porosagrotis, (Dod).

1650. Euxoa septentrionalis Wa\k.=incuhita Smith. Lethbridge, Alta., Aug. 21,
(Wallis). Though the name has previously been recorded, this is the
first specimen I have seen from Ganada east of the Eockies, that I have
been sure of. It resembles specimens from Vancouver Island, where the
species is common. It also occurs in California and Arizona. It is
quite distinct from messoria, (Dod).

1673. Euxoa recticincta Smith. Lethbridge, Alta., Aug. 2-3, 1 at light, (Wallis).
The second specimen ever recorded, (Dod).

1693. Euxoa mollis Walk. Aweme, Man., July 18, two males, (Griddle).

Anytus derelicta Hampson. Sir George Hampson has thus decided to
name the species hitherto passing as Fishia yosemitae. I pointed out in
Gan. Ent. xliii, 398, Dec. 1911, that the species was not yosemitae, (Dod).

1788. Mamestra liquida Grt. McNaib's Island, Halifax, July 14, 1911, (Perrin).

1789. Mamestra capsularis Gn. Winnipeg, Man., June 15, 1911, very rare.

(Wallis).

1894. Xylomiges dolosa Grt. Gartwright, Man., 1 specimen, first I have taken,
(Heath).

1937. Anarta secendens Walk. Banff, Alta., July 25, 1911; June 20, 21, 1912;
five males, on electric light poles, (Sanson). The only other specimen
I ever saw is the type in the British Museum, from St. Martin's Falls,
Hudson Bay territory, with which I have compared a specimen. Hamp-
son places it in the genus Polia which he uses as a prior name to
Mamestra, but it really agrees better with Anarta as used by him, and
is nearest richardsoni in structure. It has broadly black-bordered yellow
secondaries, ( Dod) .

1962. Heliophila ruhripennis G. & E. Hymers, Ont., (Dawson),

2133. Cucullia Cinderella Smith. Gartwright, Man., (Heath).

2142. Rancora solidaginis Behr. Banff, Alta., Aug. 20, (Sanson).

2148. Arzama diffusa Grt. Meach Lake, Que., July 29, 1906, (Young). New
to Quebec list.
Hydroeda micacea Esp. Bridgetown, N.S., Oct. 10, (Sanders).
Gortyna pallescen^ Smith. Lethbridge, Alta., Aug. 26, 1912, (Wallis).

2249. Glcea sericea Morr. Meach Lake, Que., Sept. 16, 1903, (Young). New
to Quebec list.

2255. Epiglaea decUva Grt. Byron, Ont., Oct. 24, 1908, (J. A. Morden).

1913 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 121

2259. Cahjmnia orina Gn. Meacli Lake, Que., Aug. 8, 1906, (Young). Xew to

Quebec list.
2437. Cirrophanus triangulifer Grt. London, Ont., Aug. 18, 1911, (J. A.

Morden).
2485. Autograplia HI oh a Sie])h.. Winnipeg, Man., June 9, one only; the first

specimen taken here since Hanham's capture, (Wallis).
Authographa orophila Hampson. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 10, 1912 ; Pentic-

ton, Aug. 13, 1909, (Wallis).
2556. Anomis erosa Hhn, Winnipeg, Man., Sept. 9, 1912, (Wallis).
2847, Catocala semirelicta Grt. Husavick, Man., Aug. 21, 1910, (Wallis).
2886. Catocala coelcbs Grt. Bridgetown, jS.S., Sept. 9, (Sanders).
2905. Catocala gracilis Edw. Meach Lake, Que., Aug. 6, 1904, (Young). New to

Quebec list.
2996. Homoptera galbanata Morr. Winnipeg, Man., May and June; recorded as

lineosa Sin. Hampson refers it to Morrison's species; common at sugar

and very variable, (Wallis).
3002. Homoptera duplicata Bethune. Winnipeg, Man., 2 specimens. May 24,

28, very rare, (Wallis).

3006. Erebus odora L. Banff, Alta., Aug. 13, 1912; a specimen also taken here

on Aug. 9, 1910, (Sanson). Mr. J. D. Evans informs me that a fine
specimen was taken in the office of the Canada Mines Co., at Trenton,
Ont., on Aug. 29.

3007. Thysania zenobia Cram. Cartwright, Man., Sept. 5, (Heath).
Eupithecia agnesata Taylor. Kaslo, B.C., one, the second specimen taken,

(Cockle).
3337. Epirrita dilutata D. & S. Duncan's B. C, Oct. 21, first specimen taken,

(Hanham).
3477. Deptalia insulsaria Gn. Meach Lake, Que., July 2, 1905; Aug. 18, 1906,

(Young). New to Quebec list.
3586. Chlorosea nevadaria Pack. Duncan's B.C., one at sugar, July, (Hanham).
3636. Deilinia liberaria Walk, Meach Lake, Que., Sept. 6, 1902, (Young). New

to Quebec list.
4014. Sabulodes arcasaria Walk. Meach Lake, Que., June 10, 1904, (Young).

New to Quebec list.
Olene styx B. & M'cD. Banff, Alta., July 21, 25, 1911, four males, (San-
son). Paler than specimens from Vancouver Island, the type locality,

but I think this species, (Dod),
4316. DiapJiania nitidalis Stoll. Meach Lake, Que., Aug. 11, 1903, (Young).

New to Quebec list.
4337. Crocidophora serratissimalis Zell. St. John's, Que., June 18, 1911, (W.

Chagnon). New to Quebec list.
4411. Phylctaenia extricalis Gn. Meach Lake, Que., June 17, 1904, (Young).

New to Quebec list.
4496. Nymphula obliteralis Walk. St. John's, Que., July, 1911, (G. Chagnon).
4543. Schoenobiiis unipuncteUus Bob. St. John's, Que., June 18, 1911, (W.

Chagnon). New to Quebec list.
4563. Crambus pascuellus Linn. Dawson, Y.T., July 8 to 16. (Eecord received

from Mr. Winn).

123 THE REPOirr OF THE No. 36

4583. Cramhus mi/cllus Hubu. Meacli Lake, Que., July 26, 1907; July 28, 1902;

Aug. 3, 1905, (Young). A"ew to Quebec list.
4639. Epipaschia zelleri Grt. Aweme, Man., June 1, 1911, reared from Poison

Ivy, Rhus toxicodendron, (Criddle).
4680. Myelois cornieUa Bag. Meaeh Lake, Que., July 38, 1905; Aug. 1-5, 1905,

(Young). New to Quebec list.
4990. Pterophorus inquinaius Zell. Trenton, Ont., Aug. 11, 15, 1911, (Evans).

5006. Bactra lanceolana Hubn. Meacli Lake, Que., June 19, 23 and 35, 1905,

(Young). Xew to Quebec list.

5007. Bactra furfurana Haw. Meaeh Lake, Que., July 8, 11, 1905, (Young).

New to Quebec list.
5030. Exartema atrodentanum Fern. St. John's, Que., July 29, 1911, (G.
Chagnon). iSTew to Quebec list.

5030. Olethreutes frigidana Pack. St. John's, Que., June 22, 1911, (G.

Chagnon). Kew to Quebec list.

5031. Olethreutes iiimhatana Clem. Bridgetown,- N.S., Aug. 9, (Sanders).
5035a. Olethreutes alheolana Zell. St. John's Que., June 16, 1911, (G. Chagnon).

New to Quebec list.
5038. Olethreutes hehesana AYalk. Hull, Que., (Gibson). New to Quebec list
5049. Olethreutes duplex AMsm. St. John's Que., June 18 and 30, 1911, (G. and

AY. Chagnon). New to Quebec list.
5053. Olethreutes auricapitana AValsm. Meaeh Lake, Que., June 35, 1903; July

18, 1905, (Young). New to Quebec list.
5056. Olelhreutes coruscana Clem. Trenton, Ont., June 13, 1911, (Evans).
5068. Olethreutes glaciana Moschl. Meaeh Lake, Que., June 14, July 18, 28,

1905, (Young); new to Quebec list; Trenton, Ontl, June 11, 18.

(Evans).
5078. Pseudogalleria inimicella Zell. Montreal, June 4, 1911, (Winn). New

to Quebec list.
5131. Eucosnia juncticiliana Walsm. Afeach Lake, Que., July 36, 1903; Aug. 5,

1903, (Young). St. John's, Que., July, 1911, (G. Chagnon). New to

Quebec list.
5131. E'ucosma nisella Clerck. Meaeh Lake, Que., July 37, Aug. 13, 1905,

(Young). New to Quebec list.
5143. Eucosma simUana Hubn. Meaeh Lake, Que., Sept. 4, 1904; Aug. 27, 1907,

(Young). New to Quebec list.

5167. Thiodia aspidiscana Hubn. Meaeh Lake, Que., June 9. 1905, (Young).

New to Quebec list.

5168. Thiodia ferruginana Fern. Meaeh Lake, Que., June 9, 1905, (Young).

New to Quebec list.
Epinotia dielziana Kearf. St. John's, Que., June 17, 1911. (G. Chagnon).
New to Quebec list.
5235. Epinotia lindana Fern. Meaeh Lake,' Que., Sept. 4, 11, 1904, (Young).
New to Quebec list.
Anci/lis carbonaiia Kearf. Montreal, May 27, 1911, (Chagnon). New to
Quebe'C list.
5346. Ancylis spirccifoliana Clem. ]\reach Lake, Que., June 7, 1903, (Young).
New to Quebec list.

1913 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 123

o255. Ancylis divisana Walk. Meacli Lake, Que.. July S, l!t04; June 23, 1905;

July 1. 1005, (Young). Xew to Quebec list.
5261. Ancylis goodelliana Fern. Meach Lake, Que., June 9, 1905; Aug. 9, 1905,

(Young). New to Quebec list.
5299. Alceris effractana Erol. Meach Lake. Que., Aug. 4, 1905, (Young). New

to Quebec list.
5309. Alceris hastiana Linn. Meach Lake, Que.. June 16, 1905; Sept. 16, 25,

1905, (Young). New to Quebec list.
5324. Alceris americana Fern. Meaeli Lake, Que., Sept. 2, 1905, (Young).

New to Quebec list.
5381. Archips dissitana Grt. :\Ieaeh Lake, Que., July 23, 1903. (Young) ; East

Bolton, Que., July 20, 1911, (Winn). New to Quebec list.

5407. Tortrix pacl'ardiana Fern. Meach Lake, Que., June 19, 1903, (Young).

New to Quebec list.

5408. Tortrix conflictana AValk. Dawson, Y.T. (Eecord received from Mr.

Winn).
5427. Eulia niariana Fern. Mt. St. Hilaire, Que.. May 14, 1911, (G. Chagnon).

New to Quebec list.
5446. Plialonia argentilimitana Eob. Meach Lake. Que., July 9, 11, 1905,

(Young). New to Quebec list.
5451. Plialonia interruptofasciaia Eob. St. John's, Que.. June 17, 1911, (G.

Chagnon). New to Quebec list.
5488. Periclymenohius canariellus Walsm. Meach Lake, Que., Aug. 5, 1904,

(Young). New to Quebec list.
5519. Choreutis inflaiella Clem. Meach Lake, Que., Aug. 5, 1905, (Young).

New to Quebec list.
5578, Aristotelia rubidella Clem. Meach Lake, Que., July 15, 1905, (Young).

New to Quebec list.
Recurvaria piceaella K. Meach Lake, Que.. June 19, 21, 1905, (Young).

New to Quebec list.
5659. Trichotaplie alacella Clem. Trenton, Ont., July 9, 1911, (Evans).
5661, Trichotaplie nonstrigella Chanib. Meach Lake, Que., June 8, 1903; June

9, 1905, (Young). New to Quebec list.
5664. TricJwtaphe setosella Clem. East Bolton, Que., July 18, 1911, (Winn).

New to Quebec list.
5704. Anacampsis niveopidveUa Chamb. Meach Lake, Que., July 15, 1904;

July 28, 1905; Aug. 7, 1905, (Young). New to Quebec list.
5724. Gelechia higubrella Fab. Trenton, Ont., May 31, June 2, 1911, (Evans).

5764. Gelechia mediofuscella Clem. Meach Lake, Que.. May 26, 1905, (Young).

New to Quebec list.

5765. Gelechia tvalsinghami Dietz. St. John's, Que., June 18, 1911, (W.

Chagnon). New to Quebec list.
5918. Euclemensia hassettella Clem. Meach Lake, Que., July 23, 1902, (Young).

New to Quebec list.
5920. EpicalUma argenticinctella Clem. Meach Lake, Que., July 8, 1905,

(Young). New to Quebec list.
6058. Batrachetra praeangusta Haw. Meach Lake, Que., July 27, 1905; Aug. 8,

1905, (Young). New to Quebec list.

1S4 THE REPORT OF THE No.3G

6363. Gracilaria stigmatella Eab. Meadi Lake, Que., Sept. 9, lUOi, (Young).

New to Quebec list.
6378. Oracilaria hurgessieUa Zell. Meach Lake, Que., Aug. 1"3, 1901; July 28,

1905; Aug. 2, 1905, (Young). New to Quebec list.
6118. Lyonetia speculella Clem. Meacli Lake, Que., Aug. 22, 1905, (Young).

New to Quebec list.
Argyresthia thuiella Pack, Hull, Que., (G-ibson). New to Quebec list.
Monopis msignisella Walk. Dawson, Y.T. (Record received from Mr.

Winn).
6503. Tinea ftiscifunctella Haw. St. John's, Que., June 18, 1911, (W. Cliagnon).

New to Quebec list. Mr. Evans has taken this species at Trenton, Ont.,

in the middle of June.
6534. Amadrya effrenatella Clem. Meach Lake, Que., July 9. 1905, (Young).

New to Quebec list.
6558. Adela ridingsella Clem. Meach Lake, Que., May 3, 1903; June 22, 1904;

June 29, 1905, (Young). New to Quebec list.
6622. Epimartyria auricrinella Walsm, Meach Lake, Que.. June 19, 1905,

(Young). New to Quebec list.

COLEOPTERA.

(Arranged according to Henshaw's list of the Coleoptera of America, North
of Mexico).

18c. Cicindela montana Lee. Yorktown, Sask., July, (Harms).

25f. Cicindela limhalis Kl. Yorktown, Sask., July, (Harms).

34. Cicindela pusilla Say. Yorktown, Sask., July, (Harms).
118. Carabus cJiamissonis Fisch. Rampart House, Y. T., (Nelles).
167. Loricera caerulescens Linn. Port Medway, N.S., x\ug., (P, G, Bolster).
172, Opisthius richardsoni Kirby. Lethbridge, Alta., Aug. 22, (Miss D.

Church),
175, Notiophilus nitens Lee. 18 miles south of Rampart House, Y, T., (Nelles).
195. Nehria sahlhergi Fisch, 18 miles south of Rampart House, Y, T,, (Nelles).
449. Tachys nanus Gyll. 18 miles south of Rampart House, Y. T., (Nelles).
583, Pterostichus luczotii Dej. Banff, Alta., June 12, 1909, (Wallis).
595. Pterostichus hudsondcus Lee, 18 miles south of Rampart House, Y. T.,

(Nelles),
627. Amara cylindrica Lee. Winnipeg, Man., May 27, 1909, (Wallis).
667. Amara protensa Putz. Winnipeg, Man., May 7, 1909, (Wallis).
678. Amara remotestriata Dej. Peachland, B.C., July 24, 1909, (Wallis).

682. Amara suhaenea Lee, Peachland, B.C., Aug. 5, 1909, (Wallis),

683. Amara mu^culus Say. Peachland, B,C,, Aug, 2, 1909, (Wallis).

743. Calathus ingratus Dej. Aweme, Man., May 5, 1905, (Criddle) ; 10 miles

south of Rampart House, Y. T., May 10, (Nelles).
794, Platynus affinis Kirby. Husavick, Man., July 11, 1910, (Wallis).
801. Platynus hardyi Lee. Weymouth, N.S., Aug., 1900, (P. G. Bolster).
823. Platynus hemhidioides Kirby. Regina, Sask,, May 24, (Willing).
990. Zacotus matthewsii Lee. Mt. Lahman, B.C., (S. Hadwin) ; Victoria, B.C.,

(E. H, Blackmore).

1913 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 125

1029. Chlaenius niger Eand. Aweme, Man., (Criddle).
1043. Oodes fluvmlis Lee. Ottawa, 1 sp., Oct. 18," (Beaulieu).
1081. Harpalus amputatus Say. 33 miles south of Kampart House, Y. T.,
(Nelles).

* HaUplus vancouverensis Matheson. "Vancouver Island, B.C.," Jour. IST. Y.

Ent. Soc, XX, 168.

* HaUplus connexsus Matheson. "Canada, (ISTova Scotia)," Jour. N. Y.

Ent. Soc. XX, 164.
1293. Coelamhus sellatus Lee. Vernon, B.C., (Venables).
1423. Agabus semipunctatus Kirby. Vernon, B.C., (Venahles).
1450. Agabus clavatus Lee. Vernon, B.C., hibernating in rotten logs in swamps,

Nov. 7, (Venables).
1467. Rhantus tostus Lee. Vernon, B.C., April 12, (Venables).

1645. Hydrobms tessellatus Ziegl. Port Medway, N.Si., July, (P. G. Bolster).

1646. Hydrobius scabrosus Horn. Millarville, Alta., (Dod).

1707. Silpha trituberculata Kirby. Aweme, Man., May 26, 1909,(E. Criddle);

Husavick, 'Man., June 23, (Wallis).

2055. Aleochara bimaculata Grav. Aweme, Man., Aug. 22, 1910, (Criddle).

2096. Heterothops fumigatus Lee. Winnipeg, Man., May 8, 1909, (Wallis).

2103. Quedius capucinus Grav. Winnipeg, Man., May 21, 1909, (Wallis).

2179. Philonthus longicornis Steph. Port Medway, N.S., July, 1910, (P. G.

Bolster).

2185. Philonthus fusiformis Melsh. Husavick, Man., Aug. 27, 1910, (Wallis).

2204. Philonthus sordidv^ Grav. Port Medway, N.S., July, 1910, (P. G. Bolster).

2303. Stenus bipunctatus Er. Vernon, B. C, (Venables).

2512. Lathrobium punciulatum Lee. Aweme, Man, (Criddle).

2647. Conosoma Jcno.vii Lee. Aweme, Man., Oct. 11, 1910, (Criddle).

2681. Olisthaerus megacephalv^ Zett. 24 miles south of Eampart House, Y. T.,

(Nelles).

2682. Olisthaerus substriatus Gyll. Ottawa, Nov. 6, (Beaulieu).

9679. Bledius strennus Casey. Aweme, Man., May 26, 1909, (T. Criddle);

June 29, 1911, (N. Criddle).
9690. Bledius assimilis Casey. Aweme, Man., (Criddle).
2712. Bledius armatus Er. Aweme, Man., July 30, 1907, (Criddle).
2715. Bledius politus Er. Aweme, Man., (Criddle).
2722. Bledius rubiginosus Er. Aweme, Man., May 28, (S. Criddle).
2749. Oxytelus sculptus Grav. Aweme, Man., (Criddle).
2753. Oxytelus fuscipennis Mann. Aweme, Man., Oct. 2, 1909, (Criddle).
2757. Oxytelus nitidulus Grav. Treesbank, Man., July 25, 1910, (Wallis).
3017. Sacium lunatum Lee. Ottawa, Sept., (Beaulieu).
3060. Coccinella monticola Muls. 18 miles south of Eampart House, Y.T.,

(Nelles).
3072. Harmonia 12-maculata Gebl. Aweme, Man., June 24, 1911, (E. Criddle).
3090. Pentilia misella Lee. Ottawa, Aug., (Beaulieu).

Hyperaspis nevadica Casey. Aweme, Man., (Criddle).

Hyperaspis inflexa Casey. Aweme, Man., (Criddle).
3112. Hyperaspis proba Say. Aweme, Man., July 4, 1911, (Criddle).
3'147. Scymnus brullei Muls. Aweme, Man., Aug. 23, 1911, (Criddle).
3152. Scymnus puncticollis Lee. Aweme, Man., (Criddle).

126 THE EEPOET OF THE No. 36

3157. Scymnus lacustris Lee. Aweme, Man., May 18, 1905, (Griddle).
3314. Pediacus fiiscvs Er. Eampart House, Y.T., (Nelles).

* Lasconotus schzvarzi Kraus. Victorra, B. C, (Hubbard & Schwarz, Proe.

Ent. Soc. Wash., XIV, 37.

* Simplocana columbica Csj. "British Columbia (Cariboo District)'*

* Morychus insuJsus Csy. Vernon, B. C, (Venables).

* Cytilus longuhis Csy. " Washington State and British Columbia to Colo-

rado.*'

* Byrrhus hninnescens Csy. "Lake Superior, (White Fis-h Point)."

* Byrrhus manitohce Csy. Aweme, Man., (Criddle).

* Byrrhus angustulus Csy. Aweme, Man., (Criddle).

* Byrrhus criddlei Csy. Aweme, Man., (Criddle).

* Byrrhus laramiensis Csy. Aweme, Man., (Criddle).

* Byrrhus egenus Csy. Donald, B. C, (A. G. Smith).

* Byrrhus consuetus C&y. Aldermere, B. C, (Keen).

* Porcinolus hystrix Csy. Aweme, Man., (Criddle).

* LioUgus sfriolatus Csy. Metlakatla, B. C, (Keen).

* LioUgus l-eetii Csy. Metlakatla, B. C, (Keen).

* LioUgus cequahiUs Csy. Victoria, B.C.,

* Lioon speculare Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen).

The above new species of Byrrhidse are described by Thos. L. Casey in his
Memoirs on the Coleoptera, III, issued March 20, 1912.

3797. CorUcaria puhescens Gyll. Saskatoon, Sask., Oct. 9, (Willing).

3819. Feltis ferruginea Linn. 18 miles south of Eampart House, Y. T., (Nelles).

3929. Elmis elegans Lee. Port Medway, N.S., July, (P. G. Bolster).

3954. Ancyronyx variegatus Germ. Port Medway, N.S., July, (P. G. Bolster).

3970. Heterocerus undatus Melsh. Vernon, B.C., July, 1909, (Venables).

4003. Helodes pulchella Guer. Port Medway, X.S., July, 1910, (P. G. Bolster).

4478. Corymhites triundulatus Eand. Aweme, Man., (Criddle).

Poecilonota cupripes Casey. Husavick, Man., July 7, 1910 (Wallis).
4621. MelanophUa drummondi Kirby. Eampart House, Y.T., (Nelles).
4623. MelanophUa gentiUs hec. Peachland, B.C., July 19, (Wallis).
4646. Chrysohoihris carvnipennis Lee. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 3, (Wallis).

Chrysohofhris verdigripennis Frost. Port Maitland, IST. S., Aug. 2, 1910,
(W. Rieff).
4716. Chrysophana placida Lee. Peachland, B.C., July 19, (Wallis). Mr.

Harrington has one specimen taken on Vancouver Island, B.C.
4718. Eupristocerus cognitans Web. Greenfield, X.g.^ j^ly 13^ 17^ 1910, (P. G.

Bolster) .
4742. Agrilus poUtus Say. Greenfield, N.S., July 13, 16, 1910, (P. G. Bolster).

Agrilus lateralis Say. Greenfield, X".S.,July 13, 16; Port Medway, July
7, 1910, (P. G. Bolster).

Agrilus pensus Horn. Greenfield, X.S.. July 13, 16; Port Medway, Aug.
14, 1910, (P. G. Bolster).
4787. Eros aurora llh>i. Banff, Alta., June 10, 1909, (Sanson).
4791. Eros trilineatus Melsh. Port Medway, X.S., July, 1910, (P. G. Bolster).
4815. Ellychnia corrusca Linn. Eampart House, Y.T., (ISTelles).

1913 EJsTTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 137

5185. Thanasimiis undulatus Say. 18 miles south of Bampart House, YT

(Nelles).
5185a. Thanasimus nuhilis Kl. Eampart House, Y.T., (Xelles).
5468. Aegialia Jacustris Lee. Husavick, Man., June 13, 1909, (Wallis).
5514. Aphodius erraticus Linn. Port Medway, X.S., July, 1910, (P. G. Bolster).
5553. Aphodius brevicoUis Lee. Saskatoon, Sask., Oct. 3, (^Yilling).
5003. Geotrupes baJyi Jek. Port Medway, X.S., July, 1910, (P. G. Bolster).
5658. Dichelonycha canadensis Horn. Millarville, iVlta., (Dod).
5771. Lachnosterna marginalis Lee. Port Maitland, N.S., (W. Eieff).

* Asemum brevicorne Casey. ''"Ontario," Memoirs on the Coleoptera, III, by

Thos. L. Casey, issued March 30, 1913.

* Asemum costulatum Casey. Aldermere, B.C., (Keene) ; Memoirs on the

Coleoptera, III, by Thos. L. Casey, issued March SO, 1913.

5975. Criocephalus agrestis Kirby. 18 miles south of Rampart House, Y.T.,

(J^elles).
5974. C nocephalus productus Ijqc. Banff, Alta., Sept. 38, 1911, (Sanson).

5976. Ciiocephahts asperatus Lee. Banff, Alta., Sept. 8, 1911, (Sanson).
5981. Tetropium vehitinus Lee. Aweme, Man., April 15, 1904, (Criddle).

* Tetropium columbianum Casey. Inverness, B.C., (Keen) ; Memoirs on the

Coleoptera, III, by Thos. L. Casey, issued March 30, 1913.
5986. Gonocallus collaris Kirby. Aweme, Man., June 11, 1906, (Criddle).

* CaUidium frigidum Casey. " Canada," Memoirs on the Coleoptera, III, by

Thos. L. Casey, issued March 30, 1913.

* Hypermallus canadensis Oasey. "Canada (Ontario) "; Memoirs on the

Coleoptera, III, by Thos L. Casey, issued March 30, 1913.
6008. CaUidium antennatum Newm. 18 miles south of Eampart House, Y.T.,

(Nelles).
6079. Tylonotus bimaculatus Hald. Ottawa, Aug.-Sept., (Beaulieu).
6093. Obrium rubrum Newm. Aweme, Man., June 39, 1903, (Criddle).
6099. MoJorchus longicollis Lee. Vernon, B.C., at thorn blossom. May, 1908,

(Venables).
6129. Purpuricemts humeralis Fab. March, Ont., (Miss Sweeney).
6141. Batyle saturalis Say. Saskatoon, Sask., July 4, (Willing).
6168. Cyllene antennatus^^hiie. Victoria, B.C., July 11, (Miss Farmer).
6173. CyJlene decorus Oliv. Lethbridge, Alta., Aug. 36, (Wallis).

* Xylotrechus columbianus Casey. Aldermere, B.C., (Keen) ; Memoirs on

the Coleoptera, III, by TIios.'l. Casey, issued March 30, 1913.
6183. Xylotrechus undulatus Say. 18 miles south of Eampart House, Y.T.,

(Nelles).
6197. Neoclytus conjunctus Lee. Victoria, B.C., 1911, (Miss Farmer).
6199. Neoclytus muricatidus Kirby. Greenfield, N.S., July, 1910, (P. G.

Bolster).
6336. N ecy dalis la>vicollis l,ec. Victoria, B.C., July, (E. H. Blackmore).
6333. Centrodera decolorata Harr. Port Medway, N.S., (W. P. Henderson).
6340. Toxotus trivittatus Say. Aweme, Man., July 11, 1911, (Criddle).
6366. Acmceops supilosa Lee. Banff, Alta., June 36, 1911, (Sanson).
6373. Acmcuops proteus Kirby. 18 miles south of Eampart House, Y.T.,

(Nelles).

128 THE EEPORT OF THE N"o.36

6274. Acmccops pratensis Laicli. 18 miles south of Eampart House, Y.T.,
(NeUes).

6297. Leptura emarginaia Eab. Near Parry Sound, Out., June, (record sent by
L. Caesar).

6304. Leptura suhhamata L'and. Chelsea, Que., males and females in coitu, July
14, (Gibson) ; Hochelaga, Que., June, 1897, (Beaulieu).

6323. Leptura instalnlis Hald. Banff, Alta, July 25, 1910, (Sanson).

6330. Leptura nigrella Say. Aweme, Man., June 15 to July 4, (E. & N.
Criddle).

6340. Leptura qu^drillum Lee. Shawnigan, B.C., July 8, (Wallis).

6446. Acanthocimis obliquus Lee. Peachland, B.C., July 19, (Wallis).

6477. Saperda ohliqua Say. Port Medway, N.S., July, 1910, (P. G. Bolster).

6481. Saperda cretata Newm. Winnipeg, Man., June 30, 1911, (Wallis).

6495. Oherea tripunctata Swed., var. himaculata Oliv., form aculaticoUis Say.
Winnipeg, Man., June 17, 1911, (Wallis).

6496b. Oherea hasalis Lee. Aweme, Man., June 25, 1911, (E. Criddle).

6503b. Oberea mandarina Fab. Winnipeg, Man., June 10, 1911, (Wallis) ; Port
Medway, K^.S., July, (P. G. Bolster).

6715. Triaclius atomus Suffr. Greenfield, N.S., July, 1910, (P. G. Bolster).

6725. Fidia viticida Walsh. Windsor, Ont., July 6, specimens of adults and in-
jured foliage sent to Division the past summer. The only Ontario record
I have. On May 28, 1908, Mr. J. M. Swaine found the beetle at Mac-
donald College, Que., and in the following year the insect was again
■found at the same place, in small numbers.
Rhahdopterus picipes Oliv. Treesbank, Man., July 29, 1910, (Wallis).

6782. Prasocuris ohliqvata Lee. Vernon, B.C., (Venables).

6827. Plagiodera oviformis Lee. Vernon, B.C., March, 1908, (Venables).

6842. Gonioctena arctica Mann. Eampart House, Y.T., (Nelles).

6905a. Galeruca punctipennis Mann. Vernon, B.C., June, 1910, (Venables).

6917. Monoxia consputa Lee. Vernon, B.C., (Venables).

6932. Oedionychis vians 111. Port Medway, N.S., July, 1910, (P. G. Bolster).

6933. Oedionychis lugens Lee. Banff, Alta., May 5, 1910, (Sanson).

6945b. Oedionychis limhalis Melsh. Port Medway, N.S., Aug. 1912, (P. G.

Bolster).
10416. Bisonycha crenicolUs Say. Banff, Alta., May 18, 1911, (Sanson).
6988. Crepidodera subcrinita Lee. Vernon, B.C., July, (Venables).
7027. Phyllotreta alhionica Lee. Vernon, B.C., July, (Venables).
7032. Mantura fJoridana Cr. Port Medway, N".S., July, (Venables).
7068. Microrhopala cyanea Say. Aweme, Man., May 24, 1910, (Criddle).
7124. Bruchus discoideus Say. Treesbank, Man., July 21, 1910, (Wallis).
7661. Carehara longuJa Lee. ' Port Medway, N.S., July, 1910, (P. G. Bolster).
7696. Stenotrachelus arctatus Say. Banff, Alta., Sept. 29, 1911, (Sanson).
7717. Salpingus virescens Lee. Saskatoon, Sask., July 20, (Willing).
7724. Calopus angustus Lee. Banff, Alta., May 5, 1911, (Sanson).
7846. MordeUistcna unicolor Lee. Banff, Alta., Aug. 13, 1909, (Sanson).
7975. Anthicus coracinus Lee. Port Medway, N.S., July, 1910, (P. G. Bolster).
8306. Ghcetechus setiger Horn. Port Medway, X.S., July, 1910, (P. G.

Bolster) .
8360. Lepidophorus KneaticolUs Kirby. Yukon Crossing, Y.T., (Xelles).

1913 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 129

8430. Phytonomus comptus Say. Lumsden, Sask., July 18. (Willing).

8436. Lepijrus gemellus Kirby. Banff, Alta., Aug. 5, 1911, (Sanson).

8473. Pissodes costatus Mann. Rampart House, Y.T., (Nelles).

8479. Hylohius pales Hbst. Saskatoon, Sask., June 32, (W,illing).

8487. Lixus rulellus Eand. Vernon, B.C., Sept. (Venaibles).

8532. Dorytomus hrevicollis Lee. Banff, Alta., jSTov. 6, 1910, on snow, (Sanson) ;

Saskatoon, Sask., Sept. 29, (Willing).
8630. Anthonomus quadrigibbus Sav. Aweme, Man., May 21, 1912; June 5, 1903.

(E. & K Criddle).

* Trypophloeus nitidus Swaine. Weymouth, X.S., (Sanders) ; Can. Ent.

xliv, 349.

DiPTEEA.

(Arranged according to a catalogue of Xorth American Diptera, by J. M.
Aldrich, Smithsonian Misc. Coll. XLVI, No. 1,444. The numbers refer to the
pages in the catalogue) .

Considerable collecting in this order was done during 1912. The tipulids
mentioned below were all determined by Dr. Deitz, and although some of the species
are not what one might term rare, the definite records are valuable, as they add
to the known distribution of the insects.

78. Rhipidia maculata Meig. Ottawa, Aug. 7, (Beaulieu) ; Aweme, Man.,
(Criddle); Winnipeg, Man., Sept., (Wallis).

78. Dicranomyia hrevivena 0. S. Winnipeg, Man., Sept.. (Wallis).

79. Dicranomyia disians 0. S. Eigaud, Que., June 25, 1906, (Beaulieu) ;

Ameme, Man., (Criddle); Winnipeg, Man., June, (Wallis).
79. Dicranomyia Jiaeretica 0. S. Aweme, Man., (Criddle).
79. Dicranomyia immodesta 0. S. Montreal, June 14, 1906; Rigaud, Que.,

June 25, 1906, (Beaulne) ; Ottawa, Aug. 29, (Beaulne) ; Aweme, Man.,

(Criddle); Winnipeg, Man., Sept. (AVallis).
79. Dicranomyia liherta 0. S. Montreal, June 14, 1906, (Beaulieu) ; Ottawa,

Aug. 29, Sept. 8, Oct. 12, (Beaulne) ; Aweme, Man., (Criddle).
79. Dicranomyia moriodes 0. S. Aweme, .Man., (Criddle).

79. Dicranomyia pudica 0, S. Montreal, June 10, 1906, (Beaulieu).

80. Dicranomyia venusta Berg. Peachland, B.C., Aug., (Wallis).

80. Limnohia cinctipes Say. Aweme, Man., (Criddle) ; Husavick, Man., June,
(Wallis).

80, Limnobia immatura 0. S. AVinnipeg, Man., June, (Wallis).

81. Limnobia soliiaria 0. S. Ottawa, Sept. 5, (Beaulne) ; Aweme, Man.,

(Criddle) ; Husavick, Man., Aug., (Wallis).
81. Limnobia iriocellata 0. S. Aweme, Man., (Criddle).
81. Limnobia tristigma 0. S. Aweme, Man,, (Criddle).
81. EhampUdia flavipes Macq. Montreal, Aug. 5, 1906, (Beaulieu) ; Ottartva,

Sept. 2, 13, (Beaulne) ; Husavick, Man., July, (Wallis).

* Elliptera asiigmatica Alex. Rogers Pass, B.C., July 30, 1908, (J. C.

Bradley) ; Psyche, xix, 164.
85. Erioptera septemiriondis 0. S. Montreal, June 10, 1906, (Beaulieu);
Ottawa, Oct. 4, (Beaulne).

9 E.S.

13U THE EEPOET OF THE No. 36

85. Goniomyia hlanda 0. S. Peachlaud, B.C., June, (Wallis).

89. Epiphragma fascipennis Say. Ottawa, July 2, (Beaulne).

89. Limnophila adusia 0. S. Husavick, Man., July, (Wallis).

90. Limnophila quadrata 0. S. Montreal, June 24, (Winn) ; Ottawa, Aug. 29,

(Beaulne). '

9-t, Fedicia albiviUa Walk. Ottawa, Aug. 24, (Beaulne) ; Aweme, Man.,
(Griddle).

94. Liogma nodicornis 0. iS. Stoke Centre, Que., June 26, (Winn).

95. Biiiacomorpha davipes Fab. Montreal, Aug. 14, 1906, (Beaulieu) ;

Aweme, Man., (Griddle).
Oropeza ohscura John. Eigaud, Que., June 27, 1906, (Beaulieu) ; Peach-
land, B.C., Aug., (Wallis).
Oropeza albipes John. Montreal, June 37, 1906, (Miss Beaulieu).
97. Xiphura fumipennis 0. S. Montreal, June 10, 1906, (Beaulieu).
97. Pachyrhina altissima 0. S. Aweme, Man., (Griddle).
97. Pachyrhina collaris Say. Montreal, July 18, 1908, (Beaulieu).
97. Pachyrhina erijthrophrys Will. Aweme, Man., (Griddle); "Br. Col.",
Aug. 14, 1910 (record received from Beaulieu) ; Winnipeg, Man., June,
(Wallis).

97. Pachyrhina eucera Loew. Montreal, July 18, 1906, (Beaulieu) ; Ottawa,

Aug. 30, 1912, (Beaulne).

98. Pachyrhina ferruginea Fab. Ottawa, July 4, Sept. 10, Oct. 2, (Beaulne).

Aweme, Man., (Griddle); Winnipeg, Man., June, (Wallis).
98. Pachyrhina incurva Loew. Ottawa, June 3, (Beaulne).
98. Pachyrhina lineata Scop. Montreal, June 17, 1906, (Beaulieu) ; Ottawa,

Oct. 8, (Beaulne).
98. Pachyrhina lugens Loew. Ottawa, July 4: (Beaulne).
98. Pachyrhina occipitalis Loew. Aweme, Man., (Griddle) ; Winnipes^, Man.,

Sept., (Wallis).
98. Pachyrhina sodalis Loew, Montreal, July 21, 1906, (Beaulieu) ; Ottawa,

Sept. 24, (Beaulne).
101. Tipiila ahdominalis Say. Ottawa, Sept., 10, (Beaulne).
101. Tipula angustipennis Loew. Ottawa, June 3, Oct. 8, (Beaulne) ; Aweme,

Man., (Griddle); Winnipeg, Man., June, (Wallis).
101. Tipula hicornis Loew MS. Newaygo, Que., June 9, (Winn) ; Montreal,

June 7, (Beaulieu).
101, Tipula calva Doane. Eigaud, Que., June 25, 1910 (Beaulieu) ; Ottawa,

July 8, (Beaulne).
101, Tipula cincticornis Doane, Montreal, Aug. 21, 1906, (Beaulieu).
101. Tipula costalis Say. Ottawa, Sept. 3, (Beaulne).

101. Tipula cunctans Say. Aweme, Man., (Griddle).

102. Tipula eluia Loew, Ottawa, Sept, 29, (Beaulne).

102. Tipula flavicans Fab. Ottawa. Sept. 5, (Beaulne) ; Aweme, Man., (Grid-
dle) ; Peachland, B.C., Aug., (Wallis).

102. Tipula hebes Loew. Ottawa, Aug. 30, Sept. 10, Oct. 4, (Beaulne) ; Aweme,
Man., (Griddle).

102. Tipula illustris Doane. Eigaud, Que., June 25, 1906, (Beaulieu).

102, Tipula impudica Doane. Peachland, B.C., Aug., (Wallis).

102. Tipula inermis Doane. Montreal, June 17, 1906, (Beaulieu).

1913 EN"TOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 131

103. Tipula pallida Loevv. Xewaygo, Que., June 9, (Winn).

104. Tipula serta Loew. Ottawa, July 8, (Beauhie) ; Aweme, Man., (Griddle) ;

Peachland, B.C., June, (Wallis).
104. Tipula sulphurea Doane. Montreal, Julv 18, 1908, (Beaulieu) ; Aweme,

Man., (Griddle).
104. Tipula triviitata Say. Montreal, June 14, 1910, (Beaulieu) ; Husavick,

Man., June, (Wallis).
143. Bpicypta punctum Stan. Ottawa, reared from a myxomycete (Reticularia

lycoperdon Fall), emerged in late autumn, (J. W. Eastham).

* Allodia bella Johannsen. Downie Creek, Selkirk Mt., B.C., Aug., (J. C.

Bradley) ; Bull, 196, Maine Agri. Exp. Station, p. 319.

* Exechia nugax Johannsen. Eouville Co., Que.; Bull. 200, Maine Agric.

Exp. Station, p. 68.

* Exechia palmaia Johannsen. Selkirk Mts., B.C., (J. G. Bradley) ; Bull.

200, Maine Agric. Exp. Station, p. 71.

* Mycetophila edeniula Johannsen. Selkirk Mts., Rogers' Pass, B.C., July,

(J. C. Bradley) ; Bull. 200, Maine Agric. Exp. Station, p. 105.

* Mycetophila pectita Johannsen. Selkirk Mts., B.C., (J. G. Bradley) ; Bull.

200, Maine Agric. Exp. Station, p. 101.

* Dynatosoma placida Johannsen. Kearney, Ont., July, (M. C. Van Duzee) ;

Bull. 200, Maine Agric. Exp. Station, p. 77.

* Sciara ahdita Johannsen. Kearney, Ont., (M. C. Van Duzee) ; Bull. 200,

Maine Agric. Exp. Station, p. 125.

* Sciara hahilis Johannsen. Kearney, Ont. ; Bull. 200, Maine Agric. Exp.

Station, p. 126.

* Nemotelus lonnanus John. Fairwell Greek, South 'Saskatchewan, Aug.,

1907, (Mrs. V. A. Armstrong) ; Psyche, Vol. XIX, p. 4.
195. Chrysops mcerens Walk. Husavick, Man., July 5, 1910, (Wallis).

199. Haematopota amevicana 0. S. Husavick, Man., July 7, 1910, (Wallis).

200. Tahanus affinis Kirby. 18 miles south of Eampart House, Y.T., (Xelles).

203. Tahanu^ epistates O.S. Bird's Hill, Man., June 5, 1909, (Wallis).

204. Tahanus illotus 0. S. Husavick, Man., July 4, 1910 (Wallis).
204. Tahanus lineola Fab. Winnipeg, Man., June 23, 1910, (Wallis).

207. Tahanus septentrionalis Loew. Husavick, Man., Aug. 18, 1910, (Wallis).

231. Anthrax gracilis Macq. Lumsden, Sask., July 18, 1910, (Willing).

232. Anthrax molitor Loew. Phippen, Sask., July 16, 1909, (Willing).

237. Anastoechus nitidulus Fab. Moose Jaw, Sask., Aug. 12, 1909, (Willing).
248. Thereva duplicis Coq. Eegina, Sask., July 25, 1907, (Willing).

* Thereva ustulata Krober. "Laval Co., Que."; Stettiner Entomologische

Zeitung, 1912, p. 265.
248. Thereva nigra Say. Battleford, Sask., July 1, 1907, (Willing).
256. Stenopogon morosus Loew. Saskatoon, Sask., Aug. 3, 1907, (Willing).

293. Sympycnus lineatiis Loew. Ottawa, July 2, (Beaulieu).

294. Neurigona lateralis Say. Ottawa, July 2, (Beaulieu).

299. Dolichopos alhicoxa Aldrich. Ottawa, July 2, (Beaulieu).

300. Dolichopos hrevimanus Loew. Ottawa, July 2, (Beaulieu).

300. Dolichopos calcaratus Aldrich. Ottawa, July 2, (Beaulieu).

301. Dolichopos flag ellitenens^\iQe\Qr. Ottawa, July 2, (Beaulieu).

302. Dolichopos lohatus Loew. Ottawa, July 2, (Beaulieu).

132 THE EEPORT OF THE No.SG

303. Dolichopos palaestricus Loew. Ottawa, July 2, (Beaulieu).
305. Gymnopternus harhatuhis Loew. Ottawa, July 2, (Beaulieu).
305. Gymnopternus difficilis Loew. Ottawa, July 2, (Beaulieu).
309. PeJastoneurus vagans Loew. Ottawa, July 2, (Beaulieu).

* Pinunculus caudelli Malloch. Kaslo, B.C., July 16, 1903, (A. N. Caudell) ;

Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 43, p. 299.

* Pipunculus exilis Malloch. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Malloch) ; Proc. U. S. X.

M., Vol. 43, p. 295.

* Pipunculus inconspkuus Malloch. Medicine Hat, Alta., Oct., 1911, (Mal-

loch), Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 43, p. 296.

* Pipunculus occidentalis Malloch. Medicine Hat, Alta., Oct., 1911, (Mal-

loch) ; Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 43, p. 292.

* Pipunculus stigmatica Malloch. Kaslo, B.C., July 16, 1903, (A. N. Cau-

dell) ; Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 43, p. 294.

* Pipunculus trochanteratus Malloch. Kaslo, B. C, (R. P. Currie ; Proc.

U. S. N. M., Vol. 43, p. 298.

* Paraspiniphora trispinosa Malloch. Kaslo, B.C., June 22, 1903, (R. P.

Currie) ; Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 43, p. 427.

* Aphixceta conglomerata Malloch. Kaslo, B.C., (A. N". Caudell) ; Proc. U. S.

N. M., Vol. 43, p. 446.

* Aphiochceta ursina Malloch. London Hill Mine, Bear Lake, B.C., July 29,

1903, altitude 7,000 feet, (E. P. Currie) ; Proc. U. S. ^. M., Vol. 43, p.
476.

* Aphiocliceta monticola Malloch. Kokanee Mountains. B.C., 8,000 feet, Aug.

11, 1903, (R. P. Currie) ; Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 43, p. 479.

* Apiochcpta dubitata Malloch. Kokanee Mountains, B.C., 8,000 feet, Aug.

11, 1903, (R. P. Currie) ; Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 43, p. 481.

* Apliiocliada atomclla Malloch. ,Oxbow, Sask., (P. Knab) ; Proc. U.S.N.M.,

Vol. 43, p. 481.

* IphiocJiceta horealis Malloch. Kaslo. B.C., July 8, 1903, (R. P. Currie) ;

Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 43, p. 489.

* Aphiochwta perplexa Malloch. London Hill Mine, Bear Lake, Kaslo, B.C.,

7,000 feet, July 21, 1903, (R. P. Currie).

* Aphiocliceta dyari Malloch. Kaslo, B.C., (H. G. Dyar) ; Proc. U. S. N. M.,

Vol. 43, p. 493.

* Aphiocliceta fuscopedunculata Malloch. Kaslo, B.C., June 25, 1903, (R. P.

Currie) ; Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 43, p. 499.

* Plastophora curriei Malloch. Kaslo, B.C., (R. P. Currie) ; Proc. U. S.

K M., Vol. 43, p. 501.

349. Chrysogaster pulchella WiW. Ottawa, July 2, (Beaulieu).

* HelopMlus willingii Smith. Regina, Sask., June 19, 1905, male; July S,

1906, female; (Willing); Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. XIV, p. 119.

350. Pipiza nigripilosa Will. Ottawa, Aug. 18, (Beaulne).

359. Platycliirus chcutopodus Will. Ottawa, Aug. 16, Sept. 8, (Beaulne).

368. Syrphus xanthostoma Will. Ottawa, Aug. 20, (Beaulne).

423. Alophora cmeoventris Will. Ottawa, Sept. 17, 1911, (Tothill).

428. Eulasiona comstocki Town. Chelsea, Que., May 30, 1908, (Fletcher).

445. Plagia americana Van der Wulp. Ottawa, June 10, 1901, (Gibson).

Varichaeta aldrichi Town. Ottawa, (Gibson).

456. Exorisia chelonice Rond. Chelsea, Que., (Tothill).

1913 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 133

457. Exorista endryce Town. Ottawa, Aug. 27, 1906, (Fletcher).

457. Exorista futilis 0. S. Ottawa, May 21, (Fletcher).

458. Exorista nigripalpis Town. Ottawa, Sept., 11, 1908, (Fletcher) ; Chicou-

timi. Que., Maniwaki, Que., specimens emerged at Ottawa in June, 1911,

in Div. of Ent.
458. Exorista pyste Walk. Chicoutimi, Que., specimens emerged at Ottawa,

July 3, 1911, in Div. of Ent.
464. Sturmia albifi'ons Walk. Ottawa, (Fletcher).
464. Sturmia iniquinata Van der Wulp. Ottawa, May 22, 1900, (Gibson) ; June

11,1900, (Young).
466 Masicera eufitcJiicB Town. Ottawa, May 18, 1900, (Gibson).
470. Tachinomyia rohusta Town. Ottawa, June 22, 1908, (J. A. Letourneau) ;

Miay 22, 1900, (Gibson).
472. Blepharipeza adusta Loew. Ottawa, June 16, 1908, (Gibson).

472. Blepharipeza leucophrys Wied. Meach Lake, Que., July 21, 1907;

(Fletcher).
* Winthemia fumiferanw Tothill. Maniwaki, Que., Duncan's, B.C., reared
in Div. of Ent., Ottawa ; Can. Ent. Vol. XLIV, p. 3.

473. Winthemia quadripustulaia Fab. Ottawa, June 26, 1904, (Metcalfe) ; May

5, 1901, (Fletcher).
475. Phorichaeta sequax Will. Ottawa, June 10, 1903, (Gibson).
576. Borborus geniculatus Macq. Montreal, Oct. 1, 1905, (Beaulieu).
640. Stegana coleoptrata Scop. Montreal, June 14, 1906, (Beaulieu).
655. Ornithoica confluens Say. Ottawa, from English Sparrow, Sept. 27, 1909,

(Hewitt).

Hymeistopteea,

Little collecting has been done in this order during the past season, and only
small collections obtained previously have been worked up. Consequently few
records are included this year. Mr. F. W. L. Sladen, Assistant Entomologist for
Apiculture, Div. of Entomology, Exp. Farm, is making a special study of the
aculeate hymenoptera and would be glad to receive specimens from any locality.

Myrmica hrevinodes Em., var whymperi Forel. Banff, Alta., June 18, 1908,
('Sanson). Recorded from British Columbia.

Myrmica scalrinodis Nyl., var. glacialis Forel. Banff, Alta, May 21, 1908,
(Sanson). Recorded from Brit. Col.

Lasius niger L., var. americanus Em. Banff, Alta., May 28, 1908, (San-
son).

Lasius umhratus mixtus Nyl. var. aphidicola Walsh. Banff, Alta., May 15,
1911, (Sanson).

Formica rufa L. subsp. olscuripes Forel. Banff. Alta., June 16, 1908,
(Sanson).

Formica fusca L. var. argentata Wheeler. Banff, Alta., May 2, 1908, (San-
son).

Formica fusca L. var. neorufibarhis Em. Banff, Alta., May 21, 1908,
(Sanson).

Camponoius herculeanus L. var. tvhymperi Forel. Banff, Alta., June 8,
1908, (Sanson).

134 THE EEPOET OF THE No. 36

* Cephaleia criddlei MaeGillivray. x4.weme, Man. ; Can. Ent, XLIV, 297.

* Pamphilius nigritihiaUs Eohwer. Oxbow, Sask., June 15, 19, 1907, (F.

Knab) ; Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 43, 206.

* Macrophya zahrisliei Eohwer. " One male from Canada, C. F. Baker col-

lection"; Proc. U. S.N". M., Vol. 43, 218.

* Tenthredo anomocerus Eohwer. Banff, Alta., (Sanson) ; Proc. U. S. K. M.,

Vol. 43, 223.

* Monophadnus.truncaius Eohwer. Oxbow, Sask, June 1, 1907, (F. Knab) :

Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 43, 232.

* PracharacUis nigrisomus Eohwer. Oxbow, Sask., June 21, 1907, (F.

Knab) ; Proc. U. S. X. M., Vol. 43', 232.

* Eitura serissimae Eohwer. Toronto, Ont., (A. Cosens) ; Proc. U. S. N. M.,

Vol. 43, 240.

* Euiira nigrella Eohwer. Fort Erie, Ont., April 7, 1910, (M.C. VanDuzee) :

Proc. U. S. K. M., Vol. 43, 241.

* Poniania crasdcornis Eohwer. Toronto, Ont., (A. Cosens) ; Proc.

U. S. ,:N . M., Vol. 43, 242.

* Poniania lucidce Eohwer. Toronto, Ont., (A. Cosens) ; Proc. U. S. N. M.,

Vol. 43, 242.

* Amauronematus l-nahi Eohwer. Oxbow, Sask., June 15, 19, 1907, (F.

Knab). Proc. U. S. X. M., Vol. 43, 245.

* Sirex ahdominalis Harris. Banff, Alta., summit of Sulphur Mt., Sept. 9,

1907, (Sanson).
Sirex hizomatus Steph. Banff, Alta., Aug. 23, 1911, (Sanson).
Sirex flavicornis Fabr. Banff, Alta., Aug. 29, 1909, (Sanson).

* Apanteles fumiferana' A^iereck. Beared at Ottawa fronl Spruce Budworm

material received from Montcalm and Chicoutimi, Que., issued June 18,
20, 1911 ; Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 42, 139.

* Meteons tracliynotus Viereck. Maniwaki, Que., issued June 20, July 3,

1911; Proc. tl. S. K M., Vol. 42, 142.

* Conohlasta fumiferana' Viereck. Maniwaki, Que., Duncan's and Esquimault,

B.C. ; Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 42, 148.

* Epiurus imiominatus Viereck. Esquimault, B.C.; Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol.,

42, 149.

* Plvijgadeuon pJesiits Viereck. Maniwaki, Que.; Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 42,

148.

* Mesocliorus diversicolor Viereck. Duncan's, B.C., issued July 18, 25, 1911;

Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 42, 149.
Anihlyfcles fraternns Cress. St. Therese, Que., (Mignault).
Trogus canadensis Prov. St. Therese, Que., (Mignault).

* Polynema regina Girault. Vancouver, B.C.; Proc. Ent. Soc, Wash., Vol.

xiv., 24.

* Eliopoideus fusciis Girault. Maniwaki, Que., Montcalm, Que., St. Gabriel

de Brandon, Que., reared at Ottawa; Can. Ent., xliv., 7.

* DasymutiUa coJoradella l-amloopsensis Eohwer. Kamloops, B.C., (Wick-

ham) ; Proc. U. S. AL M., Vol. 41, 459.
Amniophila gryphus Smith. St. Therese, Que, (Mignault).

* Clielynia ricardonis Cockerell. Vernon, B.C., June 19, 1902, (Miss Eic-

ardo) ; Can. Ent., xliv., 293.

1913 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 135

* MegacliUe vernonensis. Cockerell. Vernon, B.C., July 7, 1902, (Miss

Eicliardo) ; Can. Ent., XLIV, 351.

* Osmia novaescotiae Cockerell. "Xova Scotia (Ent. Club)"; Can. Eut.

XLIV, 356.

* Osmia suharcika Cockerell. "Hudson's Bay"; Can. Ent. XLIV, 357.

* Osmia tersida Cockerell. "Hudson's Bay"; Can. Ent. XLIV, 358.

* Pliileremulus maUochi Crawford. Medicine Hat, Alta. ; Can. Ent. XLIV,

360.

* Perdita canadensis Crawford. Medicine Hat, Alta., Can. Ent., XLIV,

360.

Hemiptera.

During the past year several small collections of hemiptera have been deter-
mined by our good friend Mr. E. P. Van Duzee. In July last Mr, Van Duzee
visited Canada, and while at Ottawa, Montreal, and other points collected some
interesting species (See The Ottawa Naturalist, Aug. — Sept. issue, 1913). While
in Canada he also visited Quebec City, where he made a .study of the Provancher
collection. The results of this study are given in The Canadian Entomologist,
Nov., 1913.

Ceresa hrevis Walk. Banff, Alta., Sept. 8, 1909, (Sanson).

Thelia himaculata Fabr. St. Ives, Ont., (H. P. Hudson).

Carynota stupida Walk. " Rat Portage," Ont., (now called Kenora) ; no

collector's name on label.
Glossonatus godingi Van D. Winnipeg, Man., June 24, 19J.1, (Wallis).
Telamona pyraniidata Uhler. Eegina, Sask., Aug. 10.
Platycotis nigromacnlala Prov. (var. of sagitiata Germ.). Victoria, B.C.
Elidiptera septentrionalis Vyo\. Aweme, Man., (Criddle).

* Lamenia maciilata Van D. Trenton, Ont., Aug. 17, 1911, (Evans) ; Bull.

Buffalo Soc. Xat. Sciences. Vol. x., 503, June, 1912.
Stenocranus felti Van D. Winnipeg, Man., May 26, 1909, (Wallis).
Aphrophora angulata Ball. Victoria, B.C., (Hanham).
Aphrophora permutata Uhler. Duncan's, B.C., July 4, 1911, (Hanham),
Gypona albosignata Uhler. Winnipeg, Man., June 30, 1911, (Wallis).
Pagaronia 13-punctata Ball. Victoria, B.C., (Hanham).
Oncopsis solrinus Walk. Kaslo, B.C. , (Cockle).
Dicraneura carneola Stal. Ottawa, (Metcalfe).
Typhloci/ha comes var. infuscata C4ill. Ottawa, (Metcalfe).
Typldocyha Jethierryi Edw. Ottawa, (Metcalfe).

* Aphalara fascipennis Patch. Hull, (Beaver Meadow), Que., June 7, 27,

1903, (Metcalfe) ; Maine Agric. Exp. Station, Bull. 202, 217, issued Sept.
20, 1913.

* PsylJa hreviata Patch. Ottawa, June 14," 1903, (Metcalfe) ; Maine Agric.

Exp. Station Bull. 202, 220, issued Sept. 20, 1912.

* Trioza ayhneriw Patch. Aylmer, Que., May 30, 1906, (Metcalfe) ; Maine

Agric. Exp. Station Bull.' 202, 225, issued Sept. 20, 1912.

* Trioza forcipula Patch. Hull, Que., May 17, July 26, 1903; Ottawa, May

39, June 5, 1904, (Metcalfe) ; Maine Agric. Exp. Station, Bull. 202, 327,
issued Sept. 20, 1912.

136 THE EEPOIiT OF THE No. 36

* Trioza stylifera Patch. Brockville, Ont., Oct. 25, 29; Nov. 1, 15, 1903,

(Metcalfe); Maine Agric. Exp. Station, Bull. 202, 229; issued Sept. 20,
1912.

* Neotriozella ottawanensis Patch. Ottawa, June 1, 1904, (Metcalfe) ;

Maine Agric. Exp. Station, Bull. 202, 231 ; issued Sept. 20, 1912.

Pentatoma ligata Say. Banff, Alta., (Sanson).

Pentatoma ulileri Stal. Kaslo, B.C., Aug. 28, 1905, (Cockle).
Aradus dehilis IThler. British Columbia, March 10, (0. W. Taylor).

Aneuris septentrionalis Walk. Nepigon, Ont., (J. Fletcher).

Nysius minutus Uhler. Saskatoon, Sask., July 22, 1907, (J. Fletcher).

Trapezonotus agrestis Fallen. Winnipeg, Man., June 6, 1911, (Wallis).

Tollius setosus Van D, Euby, Sask., (J. Fletcher).

Stictopleurus crassicornis Linn. Nepigon, Ont., June 25, 1895, (J. Flet-
cher) .

Liorliyssus viridicaius Uliler. Saskatoon, Sask., Aug. 23, 1907, (J.
Fletcher) .

Corythuca incurva Uhler. Aweme, Man., June 5, 1904, (Criddle).

Tingis clavata Stal. Winnipeg, Man. June 30, 1911, (Wallis).

Rasahus thoracicus Stal. Victoria, B.C., May 1, 1905, (Hanham).

Ranatra americana Montd. Selkirk, Man., Sept. 23, 1911, (Wallis).

Macrotylus tristis Uhler. Ottawa, July 25, 1908, (Gibson).

Diaphnidia capitata, Van D. Ottawa, on hazel nut, July 26, 1903; Aug.
2, 1904, (Metcalfe).

TrigonoUjlus tarsalis Eeut. Winnipeg, Man., June 24, 1911, (Wallis).

AdelpJiacoris superbus Uhler. Euby, Sask., July 19, 1907, (J. Fletcher).

* Tropidosteptes canadensis Van D. Ottawa, on white ash, Aug. 1, 1904,

(Metcalfe) ; Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sciences, Vol. x., 486, June, 1912.

* Criocoris canadensis Van D. North Hatley, Como and Lachine, Que., July

and August, (G-. A. Moore) ; Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sciences, Vol. x.,

511, June, 1912. Mr. Metcalfe has also taken the species at Ottawa, June

27, 1903, and at Hull, Que., June 24, 1911.
Irbisia hrachycenis Uhler. Massett, Queen Charlotte Islands, (Keen).
Irhisia sericans Stal. Massett, Q. C. I., June 15, 1892, (Keen).
Camptohrochis validus Eeut. Victoria, B.C., (G. W. Taylor).
Orectoderes ohliquus Uhler. Wdnnipeg, Man., June 24, 1911, (Wallis) ;

Calgary, Alta., (J. Fletcher).
Hofcias dislocatus var. nigrita Eeut. Winnipeg, Man., June 30, 1911.
Salda explanata Uhler. Little Current Eiver, Hudson Bay Slope, July 11,

1903, (W. J. Wilson).
Salda coriacea Uhler. Nepigon, Ont., July 14, 1892, (J. Fletcher).

Neueopteroid Insects (Except Odonata).

(Arranged according to a catalogue of the Neuropteroid Insects (except Odon-
ata) of the United States, by Nathan Banks; American Entomological Society,
1907. The numbers refer to the pages of the catalogue.)

Archiptera.

10. Acroneura dhnormis Newm. Banff, Alta., Sanson.

11. Isogenus frontalis Newm. Eosebank, Ont.. (P. Halm).

1913 . ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 137

12. Perla lycorias Newm. Winnipeg, Man,, July, 1909, (Wallis).

13. Alloperla coloradensis Banks. Banff, Alta., (Sanson).

13. Alloperla imbecilla Say. Banff, Alta., July 21, 1906, (Sanson).

14. Nemoura perfecta Walk. Toronto, Ont., (Walker).

16. Leptophlehia cupida Say. Cto Home Bay, Georgian Bay, Ont., (W. A.

Clemens).

17. Leptophlehia nehulosa Walk. Go Home Bay, Georgian Bay, Ont., (W.

A. Clemens).

18. Baciis propinquus Walsh. Go Home Bay, Georgian Bay, and Toronto,

Ont., (W. A. Clemens).

18. Choeoti duhium Walsh. Go Home Bay, Georgian Bay, Ont., (W. A.

Clemens).

19. Siplilonurus alternatus Say. Toronto, Ont., (Walker).

19. Siplilonurus siccus Walsh. Go Home River, Ont., (W. A. Clemens).

20. Heptagenia canadensis Walk. Go Home Bay, Georgian Bay, Ont., (W. A.

Clemens).
20. Heptagenia flavescens Walsh. Winnipeg, Man., June 13, 1911, (Wallis) ;

Go Home Bay, Ont., (W. A. Clemens).
20. Heptagenia frontalis Banks. Go Home Bay, Georgian Bay, Ont., (W. A.

Clemens).
20. Heptagenia tripunctata Banks. Go Home Bay, Georgian Bay, Ont., (W.

A. Clemens).
20. Ecdyurv^ maculipennis Walsh. Go Home Bay, Georgian Bay, Ont., (W.

A. Clemens).

NieUEOPTEEA.

23. Mantispa hrunnea Say. Thousand Islands, Ont., (Miss Coleman).

24. Hemerohius canadensis Banks. Banff, Alta., (Sanson).

24. Hemerohius humuli Linn. Winnipeg, May 13, 1911, (Wallis) ; Banff,
Alta., Aug. 29, 1910, (Sanson); Toronto, Ont.,' (Walker).

24. Hemerohius moestu^ Banks. Sulphur Mt., Banff, Alta., on snow, Nov. 15,
1909, (Sanson).

24. Hemerohius stigmaterus Fitch. Toronto, Ont., (Walker).

25. Boriomyia longifrons Walk. Winnipeg, Man., July, 1909, (Wallis) ;

Banff, Alta., on snow, Nov. 19, (Sanson),
25. Boriomyia disjuncta Banks. Winnipeg, Man., Sept. 12, 1911, (Wallis) ;
Sulphur Mt., Banff, Alta., Aug. 17, 1908, (Sanson).

27. Chrysopa chlorophana Burm. Banff, Alta., (Sanson).

28, Chrysopa oculata Say. Banff, Alta., June 2, 1909, (Sanson),
28. Chrysopa rufilahris Burm. Toronto, Ont., (Walker).

28. Chrysopa ypsilon Fitch. Toronto, Ont., (Walker).

Teicopteka.

35. Neuronia angustipennis Hagen. Winnipeg, Man., June 24, 1910,

(Wallis).
35. Neuronia concatenata Walk. Rosebank, Ont., (Hahn).
35. Neuronia postica Walk. Montreal, (Winn) ; Levis, Que., (Fyles).
35. Neuronia stygipes Hag. St. Hilaire, Que., May 24, 1910, (Winn). .

138 T]1E EEPORT OF THE No. 36

36. Limncphilus coloradensis Banks. Winnipeg, Man., May 23, 1911, (Wal-

lis).

36. Limnephilus comhinatus AValk. Banff, Alta., Aug. 33, 39, 1911, (Sanson).

36. Limnephilus liiteolus Banks. Banff, Alta., Aug. 10, (Sanson).

37. Limnephilus suhmonilifer Walk. Toronto, Ont., (Walker).

37. Anabolia Umaculata Walk. Banff, Alta., Aug. 5, 1908, July 28, 1911,

(Sanson).

38. Glyphopsyche irrorata Fabr. Banff, Alta., (Sanson).

38. Pycnopsyche guttifer Walk. Rosebank, Ont., (Halm).

40. Chilostigma alascensis Banks. Banff, Alta., Oct. 14, 1910, (Sanson).

45. Leptocerus ancylus Vorhies. AA^innipeg, Man., June 39, 1911, (Wallis).

45. Tricenodes grisea Banks. Stony Mt., Man., Sept. 16, 1911, (Wallis).

47. Hydropsyche scalaris Hagen. Toronto, Ont., (Walker).

Odonata.

* Coenagrion angidatum AValker. Carduff, Sask., July 16, 1900, (Willing) ;

Aweme, Man., July 4, 1905, (Griddle) ; AVinnipeg Beach, Lake AVinnipeg,

June 19, 1909, (A^^allis) ; Prince Albert, Sask., June 18, 1905, (Willing) ;

Can. Ent., xliv., 359.
Sympetrum scoticum Don. Giant's Tomb Island, Georgian Bay, Ont., July

14, 1913, (AValker).
Sympetrum corruptum Hagen. Giant's Tomb Island, Georgian Bay, Ont.,

July 14, 1913, (Walker).
Erythrodipla.r herenice Dm. East Bolton, Que., July 6, 1911, (Winn).

Araneida.

(Arranged according to Banks' Catalogue of Xearctic Spiders, U. S. IST. M.,
Bulletin 73. The numhers refer to the pages in the catalogue.)

In The Ottawa Naturalist, Dec, 1895, a list of 100 species of spiders, occurring
in Canada, determined by J. H. Emerton, appears, and in the same publication for
Jan., 1896, J. B. Tyrrell adds records of the further distribution of 11 species in-
cluded in above list. AV. H. Harrington contributed, also in The Ottawa Naturalist,
for April, 1896, and Jan., 1897, lists of Otta^va spiders, enumerating in all 76
species. Since the short lists which I included in the Entomological Eecords for
1908 and 1909, Dr. Banks has determined several collections of Canadian spiders,
and the records mentioned below not only add considerably to our list, but extend
our knowledge of the distribution of species mentioned in the papers above referred
to. Those now added from Ottawa are not included in Harrington's lists.

7. Zelotes atra Hentz. Chelsea, Que., (Gihson) ; La Siene Eiver, District of

Eainy River, Ont., June, (AV. Mclnnes).

8. TIerpyllus ecdesiasticus Hentz. AVinnipeg, Man., April 13, 1911, (AVallis).

8. Pwcilochrea montuna Emerton. AA^'innipeg, Man., July 5, 1910, (AVallis).

9. Gnaphosa gigantea Keys. Husavick, Man., Aug. 39, 1910, (Wallis).

11. Casiianeira longipalpis Hentz. Stonv Mountain, Man., Aug. 10, 1910,
(Wallis).

14. Clubiona tibialis Emerton. Treesbank, Man., July 17, 1910, (Wallis).

15. Cmlotes calcaratus Keys. Ottawa, April 20, (Gibson).

1913 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 139

16. Cyhanis reticulatus Simon. Mt. Ebbe, Pointe Warde, June 30, (collector

unknown).
16. Cybceus recticulatus Simon. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen).
16. Agelena ncevia Walck. Stony Mountain, Man., Aug. 15, 1910, (Wallis).
16. Tegenaria derliami Scop. Ottawa, April 20, (Gibson) ; Winnipeg, Man.,

Oct. 5, 1911, (Wallis).

18. Amaurohius bennetti Blackwall. La Seine Eiver, District of Eainy Eiver,

Ont., June, (W. Mclnnes).

19. Amaurobius picius Simon. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen) ; Inverness, B.C.,

July, (Keen) ; Mt. Ebbe Port Warde, June 30, (collector unknown) ;
Bradfield Inlet and Xortli River, May, (J. A. Cadenliead).

20. Theridmm sexpundatiun Emerton. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen).

20. Theridmm tepidariorum Koch. Ottawa, Dec. 23, 1910, in a greenhouse,

(Beaulne).

21. Lithyplianies corollatus Linn. Husavick, Man., Aug. 15, (Wallis).

21. Steatoda borealis Hentz. Husavick, Man., Aug. 15, (Wallis) ; Ottawa,
May, 1907, (Gibson).

30. Gongylidium perplexa Keys. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen).

33. Labulla altioculata Keys. Bradfield Inlet and North River, end May, (J.
A. Cadenhead) ; Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen) ; Inverness, B.C., July, (Keen).

33. LinypMa phrygiana Koch. Treesbank, Man., July 28, 1910, (Wallis).

33. Linyphia pusiUa SvLndvaW. Inverness, B.C., July, (Keen),

33. Linyphia reduda Keys. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen).

33. Linyphia riihrofasciata Keys. Inverness, B.C., (Keen).

37. Eugnatha siraminea Emerton. Winnipeg, Man., June 24, 1911, (Wiallis).

37. Tetragnatha extensa Linn. Husavick, Man., July 11, 1910, (Wallis) ; In-
verness, B.C., July, (Keen) ; Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen) ; Bradfield Inlet,
Kahpto Range, 2.350 altitude, July 10, 1894, (J. A. Cadenhead); Pt.
Warde, Mt. Ebbe, June 30 (J. A. Cadenhead) ; La Seine River, Lac des
Mille Lacs, Ont., July, (W. Mclnnes).

37. Tetragnatha Jaboriosa Hentz. La Seine River, Lac des Mille Lacs, Ont.,

July, (W. Mclnnes) ; Treesbank, Man., July 17, 1910, (Wallis).

38. Larinia borealis Banks. Husavick, Man., Aug. 15, 1910, (Wallis).

39. Cyclosa conica Pallas. Treesbank, Man., July 17, 1910, (Wallis) ; La Seine

River,. Rainy River District, Ont., Jume 30, (W. Mclnnes).
39. ZilJa calif ornica Banks. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen).

41. Epeira calif orniensis Keys. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen).

42. Epeira domiciliorum Hentz. Husavick, Man., July 8, 1910, (Wallis).
4:0. Epeira orellata Clerck. Bradfield Inlet and North River, end May, 1894,

(J. A. Cadenhead) ; Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen) ; Husavick, Man., July 7,

1910, (Wallis).
44. Epeira sericata Clerck. Husavick, Man., July 2, 1910, (Wallis).
44. Epeira thaddeus Hentz. Treesbank, Man., July 17, 1910, (Wallis).

44. Epeira trofolium Hentz. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen).

48. Xysticus elegans Keys. Treesbank, Man., July 17, 1910, (Wallis).

45. Xysticus fonytosa Banks. La Seine River, Lac des Mille Lacs, Ont., July,

(W. Mclnnes).
48. Xysticus gramineus Emerton. Husavick, Man., July 5, 1910, (Wallis).
48. Xysticus guJosus Keys. Stony ]\rountain, Man., Aug. 10, 1910, (Wallis).

HO THE EEPOET OF THE No. 36

49. Coriarachne versicolor Keys. Winnipeg, Man., April 13, 1911, (Wallis).
60. Misumena vatia Clerck. Husavick, Man., July 3, 1910, (Wallis) ; Metla-

katla, B.C., (Keen) ; Banff, Alta., (Sanson).

50. Misumessus asperatus Hentz. Winnipeg, Man., June 17, 1911, (Wallis).

51. Thanatus lycosoides Emerton. Winnipeg, Man., May 17, 1911, (Wallis).

51. Tibellus ohlongus Walck. Husavick, Man., July 5, 1910, (Wallis).

52. Philodromus inquisitor Thorell. Husavick, Man., July 7, 1910, (Wallis).
52. Philodromus pernix Blackwall. Husavick, Man., Aug. 13, 1910, (Wallis).

52. PJiilodromus rufus AA'alck. La Seine Eiver, Lac cles Mille Lacs, Ont., July,

W. Mclnnes).

53. Dolomedes fontanus Emerton. La Seine Eiver, Rainy River District, Ont.,

June 30, 1890, (W. Mclnnes).

53. Dolomedes sexpunctahis Hentz. Husavick, Man., July 8, 1910, (Wallis).

54. Pisaurina undata Hentz. Winnipeg, Man., Sept. 10, 1910, (Wallis).

55. Lycosa avida Walck. Treesbank, Man., Aug. 2, 1910, (Wallis).

56. Lycosa frondicola Emerton. Treesbank, Man., July 28, 1910, (Wallis).

57. Lycosa pratensis Emerton. Husavick, Man., Aug. 29, 1910, (Wallis) ; La

Seine River, Lac des Mille Lacs, Ont., July, (W. Mclnnis).
68. Pardosa groenlandica Thorell. Nashvack, Labrador, Aug. 31, 1903, (A.

Halkett) ; Fullerton, Hudson Bay, July, 1904, (A. Halkett) ; AVinnipeg,

Man., June 3, 1911, (Wallis).
59. Pardosa lapidicina Emerton. Husavick, Man., Aug. 29, 1910, (AVallis).

59. Pardosa modica Blackwall. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen) ; Husavick, Man.,

July 8, 1910, (Wallis).

60. Pardosa xerampelina Keys. Husavick, Aug. 20, 1910, (Wallis).

61. Trochosa rubicunda Keys. Treesbank, Man., July 25, 1910, (Wallis).
61. Pirata insularis Emerton. Winnipeg, Man., .June 24, 1911, (Wallis).
63. Phidipptis electus Koch. Chelsea, Que., May 30, 1907, (Gibson).

66. Dendryphantes octavus Hentz. Winnipeg, Man., May 17, 1911, (Wallis).
68. Pellenes falcata Clerck. Treesbank, Man., July 23, 1910, (Wallis).
71. Tutelina similis Banks. Winnipeg, Man., June 17, 1910, (Wallis).

ACAEINA.

* Macrocheles canadensis Banks. Ottawa, from a guinea pig, (Hewitt) ;
Proc. Ent. Sec, Wash., Vol. XIV., 98.

I N D EX

Page

Acarina, Record of 140

Achroia grisella 72

Aegeria exitiosa 88

" tipuliformis 81-110

Agrilus anxius 91

Alabama argillacea 83, 84

Alsophila pometaria 77

Anarta lapponica 28

" melanopa 28

" schoenherri 28

Annual Address of President 26

Meeting 11, 50, 56

Anthonomus quadrigibbus 73, 75

" signatus 82

Aphids 77, 107

Aphis avenae 78

" cherry 78

pomi 73

sorbi 77, 107

" woolly 78, 107

Apple, capsids attacking 102

curculio 73, 75

maggot 14, 67, 73, 79

" plant louse 86

" tree borer 72

" worm, lesser 75, 109

Aquatic insects, adaptations in ... . 92

Araneida, Records of, 1912 138

Arctic insects 30

Arsenite of zinc Ill

Asparagus beetles 82, 86

Aspidiotus perniciosus 77, 78

Basilarchia archippus 18

Bembecia marginata 81

Bethune, Rev. C. J. S., Report by. . 25

Biomyia georgiae 58

Birch leaf skeletonizer 90

Blackberry leaf miner 82

Blister mite 79

Books on insects 113

Bordered sallow moth 17

Brown mite 79

Brown-tail moth 57

Bryobia pratensis 79, 108

British Columbia Annual Report... 24
British Columbia: Notes on Injuri-
ous Insects 106

Bucculatrix canadensiella 90

Bud moth 75, 86, 106

Buffalo tree hopper 73, 86

Bumble bees and their ways 50

Cabbage butterflies 99

maggot 82-110

" zebra caterpillar 13

Caesar, L., articles by 25, 75, 100, 111

Calosoma sycophanta 57

" " parasite of . . . 58

Canadian members, list of 9

Canker worm, fall 77

Capsids, injuring apples 102

Carpocapsa pomonella 15, 73, 75, 108

Page

Case bearers 75, 88

Cenopis pettitana 16, 83

Cephus occidentalis 98

Cereals, insects attacking 83

Chermes, abietis 88

" pinioorticis 88

" similis -. 88

" strobiloides 88

Cherry fruit fly 79, loo

slug 81

Chinch bug 46

Chrysobothris femorata 73

Clover leaf midge 86

" root borer 13, 86

Coddling moth 15, 73, 75, 108

Coelopisthia nematicida 87

Coleophora fletcherella 75

" laricella 88

" malivorella 75

Ooleoptera, Records of, 1912 124

Compsilura concinnata 57

Conotrachelus nenuphar 73, 75, 85

Corymbites inflatus 106

Corn-seed maggot 12

Cosens, A., article by . . . ! 17

Cotton moth 83, 84

Griddle, Norman, article by 99

Crioceris asparagi 82

12-punctatus 82, 86

Cucumber beetles 82, 86

Curator's report . 25

Curculio, plum 73, 75, 85

Currant aphis 78, 86

borer, imported 81-110

" fruit miner 110

" red spider injuring 79

saw fly 86

" stem girdler 81

Cutworms 82

" .dark-sided 12

" red-backed 12

" variegated 17

Cyllene robiniae 88

Dentroctonus brevicomus . .

" murrayanae .

" pseudotsuga .

" simplex . . . .

" valens

Diabrotica vittata

... 90
89
90
89
... 90
82

Diptera, Records of, 1912 129

Disonycha triangularis 99

Elaphidion villosum 91

Elm bark louse 18

Empusa grilli 99

Enarmonia prunivora 75

Endelomyia rosae 17

Entomological record 113

Entomological Society of Ontario.

Annual meeting 11, 50, 56

British Columbia branch report. 24

Council report 20

[141]

14-3

THE EEPORT OF THE

1^0. 36

Page

Curator's report 25

Delegate to Royal Society report 25
Directors' report, Division 1, A.

Gibson . . 11

Directors' report, Division 3, A.

Cosens 17

Librarian's report 25

Montreal branch report 22

Officers, 1912-13 7

Toronto branch report 23

Treasurer's report 7

Entomology in Agricultural Col-
leges 38

Entomology relating to Canada ... 34

Entomoscelis adonidis 99

Epochra canadensis 110

Eriocampa cerasi 15

Eriocampoides limacina 81

Eriophyes pyri 79

Euclemensia bassettella 19

Eulecanium nigrofasciatum 72

Euproctis chryssorhoea 57

Euxoa messoria 12

" ochrogaster 12

Fall canker worm 77

False red bug 103

Faunal zones of Canada 27

Field crops, insects injurious to. . 12
Fish, resolution re supply of insect

food for 97

Flea beetles, grape vine 81

" " horse radish 13

" " turnip 13, 86

Forest insects 87

tent caterpillar 15, 72

Foul brood '. 73

Fruit crops, insects injurious to... 14

Fungus, white 48

Fyles, Rev. T. W 25, 40

Galeruca externa 99

Galerucella decora 88, 100

Galleria mellonella 72

Garden and greenhouse insects 17

Gibson, A., article by 11, 113

Gipsy moth, egg clusters imported

from Japan 36

" " parasitized larvae . . 57

" " flea beetle 81

Grape vine leaf hopper 18, 73, 81

Grasses, insects injurious to 83, 97

Grasshoppers 73, 83, 98

Green aphis 72

Greenhouse leaf tyer 17

Haltica chalybea 81

Hemiptera, records of, 1912 135

Hessian fly 83, 97

Heterocordylus malinus 103

Hewitt, C. Gordon, article by 34

Horse radish flea beetle 13

Hudson, H. F., article by 46

Hylastinus obscurus 13

Hymenoptera, records of, 1912 .... 133

Hyphantria textor 15

Imperial Bureau of Entomology ... 35

Imported currant borer 81

Insect pests of southern Manitoba. 99

Page
Insects the chief food of fresh water

fishes 97

Introductory letter 5

Ips coelatus 89

Ips perturbatus 89

Isaria fungus 87

Janus integer 81

Kaliosysphinga dohrnii 88

Kermes pubescens , 18

Lachnostera 12

Ladius suckleyi 107

Larch, insects injurious to 89

sawfly 37

Leaf beetle, willow

Leaf hopper, grape vine 18, 73, 81

Leaf miner, blackberry 82

Lepidoptera, records for 1912 118

Lepidosaphes ulmi 15, 19, 72

Leptinotarsa, 12-lineata 17, 82, 111

Librarian, report of 25

Lilac, clear wing 88

Lina tremulae lOO

Literature on insects 113

Lochhead, Wm., articles by 38, 85

Locust, long-horn 88

Lophyrus abietis 88, 100

Lygidea mendax 103

Lygus invitus 105

pratensis 17, 73, 104

Macrobasis, unicolor 99

Macrodactylus subspinosus 80

Magdalis aenescens 107

Malacosoma americana ....15, 72, 75, 85

" constricta 106

disstria 15, 72, 85

" erosa 106

" pluviosa 106

Mamestra picta 13

Manitoba insect pests 97

Maple aphis 73

leaf roller 16, 83

Matheson, R., article by 92

Mayetida destructor 83

Melanoplus borealis 30

" Manitoba species 99

Members, Canadian list of 9

Mesoleius tenthredinis 35, 37, 87

Metallus rubi 82

Mite, blister 79

brown 79

Montreal branch, annual report. ... 22

Monohammus scutellatus 90

Myzus cerasi 78, 109

persicse 78

ribes 78

Neurocolpus nubilus 103

Neuropterous insects, records of

1912 136

Oberea binmaculata 82

Odonata, records of, 1912 138

Oeneis semidea 28

Onion maggot 82

Ontario injurious insects 82-100

Orchard insects 72, 75

1913

E>sTTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

143

Page

Oscinus carbonaria 98

Otiorhynchus ovatus 13, 106, 109

Oyster shell scale 15, 19, 72, 86

Palmer worm 75

Paralacorls colon 103

Paralechia pinifoliella 90

Peach aphids 78

Pear blister mite 109

" Lygus pratensia, injurious to 105

psylla 79

" San Jose scale on 62

" slug 15, 81

Pegomyia brassicai 82

" cepetorum 82

Pemphigus acerifolii 88

Pentatomidae 73

Pepper grass beetle 99

Peridermium 91

Peridroma saucia 17

Perillus bimaculatus 82

Petch, C. E., article by 72

Phloeotribus liminaris 88

Phlyctaenia ferrugalis 17

Pieris protodice in Manitoba 99

Pine, insects injurious to 88

" leaf miner 90

Pissodes 88

Plum curculio .73, 75, 86

Podosesia syringae 88

Polygraphus rufipennis 89

Poplar leaf beetle 10

" Saperda calcarata injurious

to 91, 100

Potato beetle, Colorado 17, 82, 111

Provincial Entomologist 37

Psithyrus 54

Psylla pyricola 79

Publications on insects, 1912 113

Pyrameis atalanta 18

Pyrrhia umbra 17

Quebec, injurious insects 72, 85

Railroad worm 73

Raspberry cane borer 82, 86

" root borer 81

Record Entomological 113

Red admiral butterfly 18

" spider 79

Retinia 91

Review of entomology relating to

Canada 34

Rhagoletis cingulata 79-100

fausta 79-100

pomonella 14, 73, 80, 101

Root maggot 12

Rose attacked by Pyrrhia umbra. . . 17

" chafer 80

" slug, America 17

Ross, W. A., article by 67

Royal Society, delegate's report... 25

Sanders, G. E., article by 61

San Jose scale 61, 78, 107

Saperda calcarata 91-100

" Candida 72

Saunders, Wm., article by 84

Sawfly, larch 37

Page

Sawfly, spruce 88-100

" wheat stem 98

Scale, oyster-shell 1.5, 19, 72, 86

San Jose 61, 78, 107

terrapin 72

Schizoneura americana 88

lanigera 78, 107

Sladen, F. W. L., article by 50

Sleepy weevil 13

Small fruit insects 109

Smith, Arthur, report by 23

Spiders, Canadian species 1^8

Spittle insect 18

Spruce bud worm 16

insects injurious to 89

sawfly 88, 100

Stable fly 100

Stink bug 73

Stomoxys calcitrans 100

Strawberry weevil 82-109

Striped cucumber beetle 82

Swaine, J. M., article by 87

Syneta albida 107

Tarnished plant bug 17

Teaching Entomology in agricultural

colleges 38

Tent caterpillars, American. .15, 72, 75, 85

forest 15, 72

" " Western species. 106

Tetranychus bimaculatus 79

Timothy injured by chinch bug.... 48

Tischeria malifoliella 73

Tmetocera ocellana 75

Toronto, annual report of branch.. 23

Tortrix conflictana 83

fumiferana 16

Tothill, J. D., article by 57

Treasurer's report 7

Treherne, R. C, articles by 24, 106

Truck crops, insects injurious to.. 110

Turnip flea beetle 86

Tylonota bimaculatus 88

Typhfea fumata 83

Typhlocyba comes 18, 73, 81

Typodendron lineatus 89

" retusus 89

Vanessa californica Ill

Vegetables, insects injurious to... 82, 99
Viceroy butterfly 18

Walker, E. M., article by 5, 26

" " portrait . . .frontispiece

Wax moths 72

Web worm, fall 15

Weevil, plum 73, 75

sleepy 13, 106

Wheat stem maggot 98

sawfly 98

White fungus 48

" grubs 12, 83

Willow leaf beetle 100

Winn, A. F., report by 22

Wire worms 83

Woolly aphis 78, 107

Ypsolophus pomatellus 75

Zebra caterpillar 13

Zones, faunal 27

^' — ^ • Jc/lu^^

Forty-Fourth Annual Report

OF THE

Entomological Society

OF ONTARIO

1913

(PUBLISHED BY THE ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TORONTO)

PRINTED BY ORDER OF

THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO

TORONTO :
Printed by L. K. CAMERON, Printer to the King's Most Excelleni Majesty

1914

Forty-Fourth Annual Report

OF THE

Entomological Society

OF ONTARIO

1913

(PUBLISHED BY THE ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TORONTO)

PRINTED BY ORDER OF

THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO

TORONTO :
Printed by L. K. CAMERON, Printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty

19 14

Printed By
WILLIAM BRIGGS
29-37 Richmond St. W
TORONTO

To His Honour Col. Sir John Morison Gibson, K.C.M.G., etc., etc., etc.,

Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Ontario.

May it Please Your Honour :

The undersigned begs to present herewith, for the consideration of your
Honour, the Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario for 1913.

Eespectfully submitted,

JAMES S. DUFF,

Minister of Agriculture.
Toronto, 1914.

m

;> cc Ph CO p

Pi

p . !5 M H > '^

CO

w

CONTENTS

Letter of Transmission 7

Officers for 1913-1914 8

Financial Statement 8

Former Presidents, Vice-Presidents and Secretary-Treasurers 9

List of Honorary Members, Past and Present 9

List of Membebs 11

Annual Meeting IS

Address of Welcome 14

Reports on Insects for the Year: Division No. 1, A. Gibson 1&

Division No. 3, A. Cosens 1&

Division No. 5, F. J. A. Morris 21

Division No. 7, W. A. Ross 23

Report of the Council - 26

" " Montreal Branch 27

Toronto Branch 28

Curator SO

" " Librarian 30

" " Delegate to the Royal Society 30

Greetings from Surviving Original Members 32

Letter from the Royal Society of Canada 32

Addresses by Delegates 33

Letters of Congratulation 36

Presidential Address 37

List of Entomologists in Canada in 1862 40

An Entomological Picnic : C. J. S. Betiiune 41

Green Lanes and Byways: Thomas W. Pyles 43

Insects of the Season in Ontario: L. Caesar 49

The Immature Stages of the Tenthredinoidea: A. D. MacGili.ivray 54

Adaptation ift the Gall Midges: E. P. Felt 76

Chrysomelians of Ontario: F. J. A. Morris 83

Insect Galls: A. Cosens 97

Ants: W. M. Wheeler 104

The Excursion to Grimsby 105

The Entomological Record 106

Index 1^^

[6]

FORTY-FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

Entomological Society of Ontario

1913

To the Honourable James S. Duff, Minister of Agriculture.

SiE, — I have the honour to present herewith the Forty-fourth Annual Report
of the Entomological Society of Ontario.

The fiftieth Annual Meeting of the Society was held at Guelph on the 27th,
28th, and 29th of August, 1913, and was one of the most important occasions
in the Society's history. It was attended not only by a large number of the
Society's members, but also by many distinguished entomologists representing other
societies and institutions in the United States and Great Britain.

The addresses and papers presented, together with the reports of the various
officers and branches of the Society are embodied in the following pages.

The Canadian Entomologist, the Society's monthly organ, has now completed
its forty-fifth volume, and continues to maintain its wide circulation and high
scientific value.

I have the honour to be. Sir,

Your obedient servant,

EDMUND M. WALKER,

Editor.
Department of Biology,

University of Toronto.

Entomological Society of Ontario

OFFICERS FOR 1913-1914

President — C. Goedon Hewitt, D.Sc, F.R.S.C, Dominion Entomologist, Central Ex-
perimental Farm, Ottawa.

Vice-President — Mb. A. F. Winn, Westmount, Quebec.

Secretary-Treasurer — ^Mb. A. W. Bakek, B.S.A., Demonstrator in Entomology, O. A.
College, Guelph.

Curator — Mb. G. J. Spencer, Assistant in Entomology, O. A. College, Guelph.

Librarian — Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S.C, Professor of Entomology
and Zoology, O. A. College, Guelph.

Directors — Division No. 1, Mk. Authur Gibson, Division of Entomology, Central Expe-
rimental Farm, Ottawa; Division No. 2, Mr. C. E. Grant, Orlllia; Division No. 3, Mb. A.
Cosens, Parkdale Collegiate Institute, Toronto; Division No. 4, Mr. C. W. Nash, East
Toronto; Division No. 5, Mr. F. J. A. Morris, Peterborough; Division No. 6. Mb. R. S.
Hamilton, Collegiate Institute, Gait; Division No. 7, Mr. W. A. Ross, Jordan Harbour.

Directors (Ex-Presidents of the Society) — Professor Wm. Saunders, C.M.G., LL.D.,
F.R.S.C, F.L.S., late Director of the Experimental Farms of the Dominion of Canada,
Ottawa; Rev. C J. S. Bethune, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S.C, Guelph; W. Hague Harrington,
F.R.S.C., Ottawa; Pbofessob John Dearness, Vice-Principal Normal School, London;
Henry H. Lyman, M.A., F.B.S., F.R.G.S., Montreal; Rev. Thomas W. Fyles, D.C.L.,
F.L.S., Ottawa; Professor Wm. Lochhead, B.A., M.S., Macdonald College, Que,; John D-
Evans, C.E., Chief Engineer, Central Ontario Railway, Trenton; Peofessor Tennyson D.
Jarvis, B.S.A., Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph; Professor E. M. Walker, B.A.,
M.B., University of Toronto.

Editor of " The Canadian Entomologist " — Prof. E. M. Walker, Toronto.

Delegate to the Royal Society — Mr. H. H. Lyman, Montreal.

Auditors — Professor J. E. Howitt, M.S. A., and Mr. L. Caesar, B.A., M.S. A., 0. A.
College, Guelph.

FINANCIAL STATEMENT

For the year ending October, 1913

Receipts.

Expenditures.

Balance from 1911-12

Members' fees 387 20

Advertisements 40 71

Government grant 1,000 00

Sale reports and back numbers, 208 74

Sale cork and pins 63 10

Jubilee meeting 28 36

Bank interest 30 43

Auditors

( J. E. H
\ L. Caes

E. Ho WITT,

Caesar.

J,457 42

Cork and pins $81 03

Printing 1,014 56

Expense 48 17

Salaries 250 00

Library 38 22

Annual meeting 98 55

Annual report 12.^) 95

Jubilee meeting 197 90

Bank exchange 3 95

Balance on hand 599 09

$2,457 42
Respectfully submitted,

A. W. Baker,

Secy.-Treas.

[8]

PRESIDENTS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO

1863-4 Professor Ckoft.

1864-5 Wm. Saunders.

1865-8 Rev. W. Hixcks.

1868-71 Professor Croft.

1871-6 Rev. C. J. S. Bethune.

1876-87 Wm. Saunders.

1887-90 Jas. Fletcher.

1890-3 Rev. C. J. S. Bethune.

1893-6 W. Hague Harrington.

1896-8 J. Dearness.

1898-1900 H. H. Lyman.

1900-3 Rev. T. W. Fyles.

1903-5 Prof. Wm. Lochhead.

1905-7 J. D. Evans.

1907-9 Dr. Jas. Fletcher.

1909-10 T. D. Jarvis.

1910-2 Dr. E. M. W^alker.

1912-3 Rev. Prof. C. J. S. Bethune.

VICE-PRESIDENTS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO

1886-8 Rev. C. J. S. Bethune.

1888-91 E. Baynes Reed.

1891-2 Jas. Fletcher.

1892-3 W. Hague. Harrington.

1893-4 J. M. Denton.

1894-6 J. Dearness.

1896-8 H. H. Lyman.

1898-9 Prof. J. H. Panton.

1899-1900 Rev. T. W. Fyles.

1900-3 Prof. Wm. Lochhead.

1903-5 J. D. Evans.

1905-7 Dr. Jas. Fletcher.

1907-9 Tennyson D. Jabvis.

1909-10 Dr. E. M. Walker.

1910-3 Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt.

1864-5 Rev. W. Hincks.

1865-8 Wm. Saunders.

1868-9 Johnson Pettit and

Wm. Saunders.
1869-71 E. Baynes Reed and

B. Billings.

1871-4 Wm. Saunders.

1874-5 E. Baynes Reed.

1875-6 R. V. Rogers.

1876-8 Rev. C. J. S. Bethune.

1878-9 E. Baynes Reed.

1879-80 Rev. C. J. S. Bethune.

1880-1 Jas. Fletcher.

1881-2 Rev. C. J. S. Bethune.

1882-4 G. J. Bowles.

1884-6 Jas. Fletcher.

SECRETARY-TREASURERS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO

1863-4 Wm. Saunders.

1864-71 Rev. C. J. S. Bethune.

1871-4 E. Baynes Reed.

1874-5 Jas. Williams.

1875-8 J. H. McMechan.

1878-9 Jas. Williams.

1879-81 Jas. H. Bowman.

1881-8 E. Baynes Reed.

1888-91 W. E. Saunders.

1891-3 W. E. Saunders and

J. M. Denton.

1863-5 Jas. Hurrert.

1865-8 Robert V. Rogers.

1868-9 W. H. Ellis.

1869-72 W. OSLER.

1888-9 Henry S. Saunders.

1893-1901,

1901-4,

.W. E. Saunders and

J. A. Balkwell.
.W. E. Saunders and

J. H. Bowman.
1904-6 W. E. Saunders and

J. A. Balkwell.
1906-8 L. Caesar and

Prof. S. B. McCready.

1908-11 J. E. HowiTT.

1911-3 A. W. Baker.

CURATORS

1889-1905... .J. A. Moffat.

1905-7 Rev. C. J. S. Bethune.

1907-9 J. E. HowiTT.

1909-12 L. Caes.\r.

1912-3 G. J. Spencer.

HONORARY MEMBERS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO

Honorary Members. Elected.

1. Francis Walker, F.L.S., Assistant in the Feb. 16, 1865.

Entomological Department of the Brit-
ish Museum, Elm Hall, Wanstead,
Essex, England.

2. Ezra T. Cresson, Hymenopterist, one of Nov. 10, 1868.

the founders of the American Ento-
mological Society, Philadelphia.

3. William H. Edwards, Coalburgh, Kana- Nov. 10, 1868.

wha Co., West Va., author of " The
Butterflies of North America," and of
a long series of papers in the " Cana-
dian Entomologist."

Died.

Oct. 5, 1874.
aged 65,

Apl. 2, 1909,
aged 87,

[9]

10 THE EEPOET OF THE No. 36

Honorary Members. Elected. Died.

4. Prof. Townend Glover, Entomologist to Nov. 10, 1868. Sept. 8, 1883,

the Department of Agriculture, Wash- aged 70.

Ington, D.C.

5. Augustus Radcliffe Grote, M.A., Buffalo, Nov. 10, 1868. Sept. 12, 1903,

N.Y., Lepidopterist. Described a large
number of new species and contributed
for many years to the " Canadian
Entomologist."

6. Dr. George H. Horn, Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 10, 1868. Nov. 24, 1897,

Coleopterist. Joint author with Dr. J. aged 5Y.

L. LeConte, of the " Classification of
North American Coleoptera," and other
works.

7. Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr., Peabody Academy, Nov. 10, 1868. Feb. 14, 1905

Salem, Mass. Author of numerous aged 66.

works on systematic, technical and
popular Entomology.

8. Dr. C. V. Riley, Missouri; State Ento- Nov. 10, 1868. Sept. 14, 1895,

mologist, chief of the United States . aged 52.

Bureau of Entomology, Washington,

D.C.

9. Dr. S. H. Scudder, Boston, Mass. Author Nov. 10, 1868. May 17, 1911,.

of " The Butterflies of Eastern United aged 74.

States and Canada," and of various
works on Orthoptera, Fossil Insects,
etc.

10. Dr. J. L. LeConte, Philadelphia, Coleop- Nov. 10, 1868. Nov. 15, 1883,.

terist. Author of a large number of aged 58.

books and papers on systematic Coleop-
terology, and the describer of an im-
mense number of species.

11. Baron R. Von Osten Sacken, Russian Sept. 22, 1869. May 20, 1906,.

Embassy, New York, Dipterist. Author aged 76.

of some of the earliest works on North
American Diptera, published by the
Smithsonian Institution.

12. Dr. Herman Hagen, Cambridge, Mass., S'ept. 22, 1869. Nov. 9, 1893,.

Neuropterist, Director of the Museum aged 77.

of Comparative Zoology.

13. Dr. Asa Fitch, the first State Entomolo- Sept. 22, 1869. ApL 8, 1879,

gist of New York. Albany, N.Y. aged 70.

14. P. R. Uhler, Baltimore, Md., Hemipterist. Sept. 25, 1873. Oct. 21, 1913,.

For many years the chief authority on aged 78.

North American Hemiptera.

15. V. T. Chambers, Covington, Ky.. Lepidop- Sept. 25, 1873. Aug. 7', 1883,.

terist. An early contributor to " The aged 52.

Canadian Entomologist."

16. Miss Eleanor A. Ormerod, LL.D., Sit. Al- Sept. 25, 1873. July 19, 1901,.

bans, England. Pioneer worker in Econ aged 73.

omic Entomology in Great Britain, and
authoress of a series of annual reports
issued during more than twenty years.

17. Dr. L. 0. Howard, Chief of the Bureau of Oct. 12, 1899.

Entomology. Washington, D.C.

18. Prof. John B. Smith, Sc.D., State Ento- Oct. 12, 1899. Mch. 12, 1912.

mologist of New Jersey, and Professor aged 54.

of Entomology in Rutgers' College, New
Brunswick, N.J.

19. Prof. F. M. Webster, Wooster, Ohio. In Oct. 12, 1899.

charge of investigations regarding in-
sects attacking cereal crops. Bureau of
Entomology, Washington. D.C.

20. Prof. H. F. Wickham, M.A., Coleopterist, Oct. 12, 1899.

Professor of Entomology, Iowa State
University, Iowa City, Iowa.

21. Dr. Wm. A. Ashmead, Hymenopterist. Oct. 27, 1904. Oct. 17. 1908„

Author of many papers on the order. aged 53.

U.S. National Museum, Washington,

D.C.

1914

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

11

Honorary Members.

22. Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell, Hymenopterist.

Author of numerous papers on Cocci-
dae. Apidse, and Fossil Insects. Univer-
sity of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado.

23. Prof. J. H. Comstock, Author of the

" Manual for the Study of Insects."
" The Spider Book," etc., Cornell Uni-
virsity, Ithaca. N.Y.

24. Dr. E. P. Felt, State Entomologist of New

York, Albany, N.Y.

Elected.
Oct. 18, 1905.

Nov. 2.3, 19il.

Nov. 23, 1911.

Died.

LIFE MEMBERS

1. Dr. Wh-liam Saunders, C.M.G., LL.D., F.R.S'.C, Director of the Experimental Farms-

of the Dominion.— October 20, 1886.

2. Rkv. C. J. S. Betiiune, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S.C, Professor of Entomology, Ontario A.t-ri-

cultural College, Guelph. — November 3, 1910.

o. Edmund Baynes Reed, Director of the Meteorological Station, Victoria, B.C. — Xov<m
ber 23, 1911.

4. Rev. Thomas W. Fyles, D.C.L., former President of the Society and of the Quebec
Branch, Ottawa. — August 28, 1913.

Ontario.

Astwood, J. C

Auden, K. F

Baker, A. W

Beaulieu, Germain

Beck, H. P

Bethune, Prof

Bicknell, H. E

Brimley, J. F

Bock, H. P

Burrows, A. R

Caesar, L

Calvert, E. N

Calvert, J. F

Clemens, W. A

Craigie, E. H

Cosens, A

Curran, H.

Dearness, J

Dohertv, T. K

Duff, G. H

Duncan, R. S

Dunlop, James

Evans, J. D .

Fyles, Rev. Dr

Germain, Bro

Gibson, Arthur

Good, C. A

Grant, C. E

Hahn, Paul

Haight, D. H

Harkness, D

Harrington, W. H

Hewitt, Dr. C. G

Howitt, Prof. J. E

Hudson, H. F

Inglis, John

Jackson, V

Kilman, A. H

Kitto, V

Logier, W

Morden, A

LIST OF MEMBERS

Morris, F. J. A Peterboro.

Port Arthur. McCready, S. B Guelph.

Toronto. McKechnie. J. B Toronto.

Guelph. Nash, C. W

Ottawa. Noble, J. W London.

London. Patterson, A. M Toronto.

Guelph. Petch, C. E Ottawa.

Toronto. Prewett, F. J Toronto.

Grimsby. Ross, W. A Jordan Harbor.

London. Sanders, G. E Ottawa.

Guelph, Saunders, Dr. Wm London.

" Saxby, W Toronto.

Sladen, F. W. L Ottawa.

London. Smith, A Toronto.

Toronto. Snazelle, Charles "

" Spencer, G Guelph.

Strickland, E. H Ottawa.

Guelph. Tanner, Harold Stratford.

London. Thompson, W. R London.

Ottawa. Tomlinson, Robert Toronto.

Toronto. Tothill, J. D Ottawa.

Port Hope. Walker, Dr. E. M Toronto.

Woodstock. Ware, Thomas Paris Station.

Trenton. Washington, L. P Hamilton.

Ottawa. Watson, Dr. A. H. R Port Hope.

" White, James Snelgrove.

Williams, J. B Toronto.

Guelph. Wood, S. T

Orillla. Wright, W. H Guelph.

Toronto.

Sudbury. Quebec.

Jordan Harbor. Agricultural Editor, Week-

Ottawa. ly Witness Montreal.

Barwick E. C

Guelph. Brainerd, Dwight "

Ottawa. Burgess, T. J. W

Hamilton. Chagnon, G "

Toronto. Clayson, G. H "

Ridgeway. Dunlop, G. C "

Ottawa. Du Porte, E. Melville Macc^onald

Toronto. College.

London. Earby, A Montreal.

1^

THE EEPORT OF TflE

No. 36

Quebec.

Greene, L. R Montreal.

Huard, Rev. V. A Quebec.

Locbhead, Prof Macdonald

College.

Lyman, H. H Montreal.

Moore, G. A "

Norris, A. E "

Southee, G. A

Tourchot, A. L St. Hyacinthe.

Winn, A. P Montreal.

Alberta.

Baird, Thomas High River.

Bentley, Lettice Lethbridge.

Dod, F. H. Wolley, Midnapore.

Kain, V. L Edmonton.

Moody, Miss W. Calgary.

Whitehouse, F. C Red Deer.

Manitoba.

Criddle, Norman Treesbank.

Heath, E. F Cartwright.

Hone, R Manitou.

Hunter, Dr. A. J Teulon.

Wallis, J. B Winnipeg.

Nova Scotia.

Allen, E. C Yarmouth.

Brittain, W. H fruro.

Gooderham, C. B "

MacKay, Dr. A. H Halifax.

Payne, H. G Granville Ferry.

New Brunswick.
Vroom, J St. Stephen.

Saskatchewan.

Androchowicz, E Humboldt.

Neville, S. J Cottonwood.

Willing, Prof. T. N Saskatoon.

British Columbia.

Abbott, R. C Mission City.

Abbs, A. W Vancouver.

Abriel, T Nakusp.

Anderson, E. M Victoria.

Anderson, J. R "

Bain, T. H N. Vancouver.

Barnhill, E Kelowna.

Bird, M Vancouver.

Blackmore, C Victoria.

Boncquet, A Vancouver.

Brand, James "

Brealey, A Hatzic.

Bryant, T Ladysmith.

Brydon, J Victoria.

Bush, A. H Vancouver.

Chapman, C "

Clark, R

Cockle, J Kaslo.

Collins, H Grand Forks.

Crease, H Kelowna.

Croker, A Victoria.

Cunningham. T Vancouver.

Davidson, T Vancouver.

Davidson, J.

Day, G. O Vancouver Is.

Garraway, H. L Vernon.

Gavet, D Vancouver.

Getchell, F. H Vancouver.

Hadwen, Dr. S Mt. Lehman.

Hanham, A. W 'l. ncans Station.

Harvey, R. V Victoria.

Hill-Tout, W. S Abbotsford.

Hoy, B Vernon.

Hunt, E. C Creator.

James, P. T Victoria.

Kendall, J. B Vancouver.

Kennedy, A. B "

Lang, W. A Peachland.

Lyne, W. H Vancouver.

Marmont, L. E Eraser Mills.

Marriott, E. G Cranbrojk.

McHardy, C. F Nelson.

Mengens, Mr Kelowna.

Middleton, M Nelson.

Nicolle, W

Norman, P Victoria.

Palmer, R. M Kamloops.

Patch, A. M Vancouver.

Peters, R Victoria.

Pooley, W. R Kelowna.

Reed, E. Baynes Victoria.

Reeves, S. H Duncans.

Robertson, W. H Victoria.

Ross, A. H Nelson.

Rowland, A Vancouver.

Ruhman, M Vernon.

Russell, M. W Kelowna.

Scott, W. E Victoria.

Sherman, R. S Vancouver.

Simons, A. E "

Simms, A. C Summerland.

Skinner, E. M Victoria.

Stanton, T. H Duncans.

Taylor, L. E Kelowna.

Thomson, C. W. Summerland.

Treherne, R. C Vancouver.

Venables, E. P Vernon.

De Verteuil, Dr Vancouver.

Wallace, E. A Victoria.

Wilkerson, G. E

Wilson, R. M Vancouver.

Winslow, R. M Victoria.

White, E. A Sardis.

Woods, Mrs. E. A Grand Prairie.

Honorary Members.
Cockerell, Prof. T. D. A. . . Boulder, Col.

Comstock, Prof. J. H Ithaca, N.Y.

Cresson, Ezra T Philadelphia, Pa.

Felt, Dr. E. P Albany, N.Y.

Howard, Dr. L. O Washington, D.C.

Webster, Prof. F. M

Wickham, Prof. H. F Iowa City, Iowa.

Life Members.

Saunders, Dr. Wm London.

Late Director of the Ex-
perimental Farms of the
Dominion.

Bethune, Rev. C. J. S Guelph.

Professor of Entomology,
Ontario Agricultural Col-
lege.

Fyles, Rev. Dr. T. W Ottawa.

Reed, E. Baynes. Victoria.

Director of the Meteoro-
logical Station.

The Entomological Society of Ontario

ANNUAL MEETING

The Fiftieth Animal Meeting of the Society was held at the Ontario Agri-
cultural College, Guelph, on Wednesday, Thursday and Friday, Aug. 27th, 38th
and 29th, 19 ly, and was one of the most important events in the history of the
Society.

The President, Eev. Dr. C. J. S. Bethune, though present at all the meetings
was unfortunately unable to act in his official capacity on account of defective eye-
sight. His place in the chair was ably filled by the Vice-President, Dr. C. Gordon
Hewitt.

The meetings were attended not only by a large number of the Society's
members and visitors from the town, but also by a goodly representation of dis-
tinguished entomologists from the United States and Great Britain. Keen regret-
was felt by all in the absence of Dr. William Saunders, one of the original founders
of the Society, whose serious illness prevented him from attending the meetings, as
had been expected.

The following were present at the meeting: Prof. J. H. Comstock, Hon.
Member, Entomological Dep't., Cornell University, Ithaca, X.Y. ; Mrs. J. H,
Comstock: Prof. F. M. Webster, Hon. Member. Bureau of Entomology, Wash-
ington, D.C. : Dr. E. P. Felt, Hon. Member, State Entomologist, Albany, N.Y. ;
Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, I'niversity of Edinburgh; Mr. Geoffrey Meade-Waldo',
British Museum, London, Eng. ; Prof. W. M. Wheeler, Harvard University, Cam-
bridge, Mass.: Prof. T. J. Headlee, State Entomologist. ISTew Brunswick, N.J.;
Prof! A. D. MacGillivray, Urbana, HI.; Prof. P. J. Parrott, Geneva, N.Y.- Mr.
de Vyver, Entomological Society of N". Y. : Mr. W. A. Clemens, Ithaca, IST.Y. ; Dr.
C. Gordon Hewitt, Dominion Entomologist, Ottawa: Mrs. C. Gordon Hewitt;
The Rev. T. W. Fyles, D.C.L., Ottawa; Mr. and Mrs. Henry H. Lyman, Montreal;
Prof. W. Lochhead, Macdonald College, P.Q. : Mr J. C. Chapais, Que. Soc. for
the Protection of Plants; Mr. John D. Evans, Trenton, Ont. ; Mr. F. J. A. Morris,
Peter'boro; Dr. E. M. Walker, University of Toronto, Toronto; Mr. J. B. Wil-
liams, University Museum, Toronto : Dr. A. Cosens, Parkdale €ollegiate Insti-
tute, Toronto; Mr. R. S. Hamilton, Gait; Prof. J. Dearness, London; Mr. J. F.
Brimley, Grimsby: Messrs. Arthur Gibson, and F. W. L. Sladen, Division of
Entomology, Ottawa: the following field agents of the Dominion Division of En-
tomology : Messrs. Sanders, Tothill, Fetch, Ross, Hudson, McLaine ; Mr. R. C.
Treherne, Vancouver^ B.C.

The Ontario Agricultural College was represented by the following: Presi-
dent Creelman, Prof. C. A. Zavitz, Prof. C. J. S. Bethune, Prof. T.. D. Jarvis,
Prof. Hutt, and Prof. Crow, Mr. L. €aesar, Mr. A. W. Baker, Dr. R. E. Stone,
Mr. Wriofht. Mr. E. J. Zavitz, G. J. Spencer; Messrs. Burroughs, Cnrran, Good,
Hart and others.

[13]

14 THE REPORT OF TRK Xo. 36

On Wednesday morning a meeting of the Council was held in the Biological
Lecture Room, at which, among other matters, certain proposed changes in the con-
stitution of the Society were discussed. These changes, which were afterwards
sanctioned at the general meeting, have been included in the copy of the con-
stitution of the Society which appeared in the December number of the Canadian
Entomologist.

In the afternoon the members and delegates met in the Massey Hall Auditor-
ium, the proceedings commencing with an address of welcome by President Creel-
man of the College, after which the congratulatory addresses from the representa-
tives of other societies and institutions were presented.

ADDRESS OF WELCOME.

Dr. G. C. Creelmax. President of the Ontario Agricultural College, in a
most genial and hearty manner welcomed the members of the Society and the
visitors from other lands. He then went on to say:

I see a numbef of men who were formerly students at this College, now
working in different Provinces of the Dominion of Canada. We are delighted to
have these men come back to the old college and Province of Ontario, and to the
Entomological Society. We are pleased to see so many strong men who have done
actual work on our farms. We have been able through our Department of
Entomology to give out a large amount of information to the farmer, which he was
otherwise unable to get by himself. That would be a good definition for a college:
" A place where people are taught things that cannot be taught at home." What
you men can do in entomology, etc., farmers are incapable of doing for themselves.

I want to pay a tribute to the scientific men throughout the length and
breadth of this and other lands at the present time — the men who have helped
agriculture. The farmer usually has been a hewer of wood, as there has been so
much necessity for manual labor on the farm, and he has not had time to work
out the life histories of the various injurious insects. You have done it for him,
and prescribed the remedy, until now by putting down his name, he can get by
mail free the thing that is necessary to kill the injurious things on his farm. You
have experimented, you have tried it and the farmer gets the results of your labors,
at home. Tt is not alvvavs appreciated, even the asTricultural press is inclined at
times to tell them not to have too much of it ; but I think more and more that the
scientific man, and the entomologist in particular, is beginning to come in to his
own.

T hope to see all here to-night at a reception to be given by Mrs. Creel man and
myself at our residence.

The evening was marked by one of the most enjoyable features of the meeting,
a reception given to the members by President and Mrs. Creelman at their
residence.

On Thursday morning a business meeting was held in the Biological Lecture
Room, at which the officers for the ensuing year were elected and several matters
of interest to the members were discussed. Of these reference has already been
made to the revised constitution of the Society. Among other matters a resolution
was passed recommending that the various entomological societies be properly

1914

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

15

represented at the hiternational Congress of Entomology. The Kev. Dr. T. W.
Eyles was elected a life member of the Society. Mr. J. M. Swaine and Dr. E. M,
Walker were appointed to represent the Entomological Society of Ontario on the
American Committee of Nomenclature. It was decided to hold the next Annual
Meeting at Toronto, the date to be chosen on a later occasion.

Fig. 1. — Showing remarkable quantity of silk spun by Forest Tent Caterpillars,
in moving from tree to tree (original).

EEPOirrS ON INSECTS OF THE YEAK.

Division No. 1, Ottawa District— Arthur Gibson, Central Experimental

Farm, Ottawa.

Unlike the season of 1912, that of 1913 in the Ottawa District was bright,
clear, with little rainfall, and in the summer a long continued drought which
reduced very considerably hay, corn, roots and other crops. Such a season, of
course, was favourable for the development of insect life and some serious outbreaks
of well-known forms took place.

16

THE KKPOIJT (JF TPiE

No. 36

Insects Attacking Field Ckops.

Locusts. These insects were abundant in large numbers near Ottawa, par-
ticularly in light sandy districts. At Bowesville, about six miles from Ottawa
swarms of them were present iu oat, barley, timothy, and corn fields, and much,
damage was effected. Potatoes and beans were also attacked. In August an
investigation was made ol' some of the fields where the locusts were present in
thousands, and much destruction was seen. The species chiefly responsible for the
damage was the Lesser Migratory Locust, Melanoplus atlanis. The Pellucid
Locust, Camnvla pellucida, wa'^ the other species present which was doing damage,
but this was in mudi smaller nuuibei's than J/, atlanis. In some fields poisoned
bran had been spread, and while large numbers of the insects were killed, the
attack was not by any means stopped. The poisoned bran had been applied after
the locusts had acquired their wings. Better results, of course, would have been
secured if the application had been made during: tlie l^opping stage.

Fig. 2. — Carnation buds eaten out by Variegated Cutworm
(original).

Root Maggots. These insects were again prevalent throughout the district.
The Cabbage, or Radish Root-Maggot, was frequently complained of as attacking
cauliflowers, cabbages, radishes and turnips. The Onion Maggot, also, did con-
siderable damage, but no report of the work of the Seed-corn Maggot was received.

Other common pests, such as Cutworms, Flea-beetles, and White Cabbage
Butterfly were present in destructive numbers.

1914 ENTOMOLUGloAL SOCIETY. 17

The Burdock Boker {Papaipema cataphracta) . Several reports were received
of a borer in the stems of tomato, and from specimens collected and received the
species was seen to be that which I have commonly called the Burdock Borer,
owing to this plant being the favourite food of the larvae in the Ottawa District.
The presence of this borer in tomato, potato, or other plants is usually detected by
the unhealthy appearance of the plants, the tops becoming withered and falling
down on one side. Cutting off the portion of the plants containing the cater-
pillar is the only remedy that can be suggested.

Attacking Fruit Trees.

Tent Caterpillars. Both species, the American Tent {Malacosoma
americana) and the Forest Tent {Malacosoma disstria) were present in large
numbers throughout the district. Apple trees were entirely stripped of foliage,
and in many orchards little fruit was gathered. At the Central Experimental
Farm where the trees had been regularly sprayed, good crops of apples were secured.

Woolly-aphis-of-the-Apple {Schizoneura lanigera). This insect is con-
spicuously present in some orchards in the district at the present time, and requests
have been received for a remedy. Fortunately we have not received any report
of injury by the root-infesting form.

The Codling Moth {Garpocapsa pomonella) was again present in in-
jurious numbers, as was also the Oyster-shell Scale (Lepidosaplies ulmi). In
last year's report I mentioned the occurrence 'at Ottawa of the adult of the Apple
Maggot (Rhagoletis pomonella). I am glad to state that no further evidence of
the presence of this destructive insect has been seen during the present year.

Attacking Forest and Shade Trees.

The chief destructive caterpillar of 1913 was the Forest Tent Caterpillar
(Malacosoma disstria). During the seasons of 1911, 1912, and 1913 the district
of Ottawa has been visited by remarkable outbreaks of the Forest Tent Caterpillar.
Miles of forest trees — poplar, birch, maple, etc. — have been stripped bare by the
hordes of caterpillars. The outbreak of 1913, however, was not so widespread as
that of 1912. As mentioned in my report presented at the last annual meeting of
the Society, trains on the Gatineau service of the Canadian Pacific Eailway were
stopped repeatedly owing to the large numbers of larvse present on the tracks.
This only happened once or twice during the present season. On a part of the
grounds of the Central Experimental Farm where several trees were entirely
denuded of foliage, cnnspicnous paths of silk were spun by the larv?e in moving
from tree to tree. The photograph reproduced herewith which illustrates remark-
ably well the quantity of silk spun by the caterpillars was taken by Mr. J. S.
Wallace, of the Dominion Observatory. At the time the photograph was taken
the larvae were about a quarter of an inch long. Large numbers of eggs had been
deposited on pine and even cedar trees close to an electric arc street light, and when
the young larvae hatched they soon left these trees and made the silken pathways,
chiefly towards the large mountain ash tree, standing in the background of the
illustration. (See p. 15.)

In 1912 the first moths did not emerge until early in July and the vast
numbers not until the middle of the same month. In the present year (1913)
2 e.s.

18 ' THE KEPOJiT OF THE No. 36

moths were noticed in numbers at Britannia, near Ottawa, on June 37th; on June
29th thousands were present around the arc lights in Ottawa and flights were
also observed in early July.

During the winter of 1913-1913 the eggs of this species were present in count-
less thousands on shade trees in the streets of Ottawa. During spring and early
summer it was an unusual sight to see the large numbers of these trees which had
been banded with ordinary tanglefoot fly paper. At the present time there are
plenty of eggs on the trees in Ottawa, but fortunately they are not nearly so
abundant as they were a year ago.

Attacking Greenhouse and Garden Plants.

The Bordered Sallow {Fyrrhia umbra). The caterpillars of this noctuid
moth, which are green, spotted with black, have the habit of eating into buds of
roses and other garden plants. During the past season roses particularly were
reported as being injured.

Root-Infesting Aphid. Several complaints were received of an aphis attack-
ing the roots of asters. One complaint reached me on Aug 7th which stated that
whole plots of asters had been destroyed in some gardens in Ottawa. Asters on
the grounds of the Experimental Farm were also injured apparently by the same
species.

Eed Spider. In dry seasons, such as that of 1913, the so-called red spider
is usually very prevalent. During the past season very serious injury was caused
by these mites to a large number of different kinds of garden plants, particularly
sweet peas. The injury was very apparent in the middle of August.

Cutworms in Greenhouses. Occasionally we receive reports of injury by
cutworms in greenhouses. One of the most interesting of these which lias come
to my notice, occurred in the carnation house of one of our Ottawa florists. During
the winter when the injury was noticed I visited the greenhouse and found that
the species responsible for the damage was the Variegated Cutworm (Peridroma
saucia). Practically the only injury was to the buds which were in many instances
entirely eaten out during the uight by the caterpillars, as shown in the photograph
reproduced herewith (Fig. 'i). Cutworms in greenhouses can easily be controlled
by scattering poisoned bran wherever they occur.

Division No. 3, Toronto District — A, Cosens.

The season of 1913 should go on record as a very favourable one for collecting.
Long spells of fine weather, broken only for short intervals by occasional showers
have characterized the summer. The autumn has been exceptionally warm, and
insect activity has been correspondingly prolonged. A Mourning Cloak butterfly
(Vanessa antiopa, L.) had sufficient energy to flutter about in the enjoyment of the
warm sunshine of November 3'rd, and numerous Crane Flies (Trickocera macu-
Upennis, Fabr.) were still zig-zagging in the smoky air on November 13th.

The Tussock Moth was much more plentiful in Parkdale this season than it
has been any previous one. The cocoons were formed even in crevices of the
foundations of houses and under stone window sills; besides such unlikely places
they were plentiful along the fences, and in some trees they were literally massed
at the axils of the branches. If this species were not extensively parasitized the

1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 19

introduction of suitable parasites would be considered the proper solution of the
problem, and a campaign might be suggested similar to that being carried on at
present against the Gypsy and Brown-Tail Moths. Since the natural cheek is
already firmly established, care sliould be taken to assist, not to counteract it, by
the artificial means used to bring the pest under control.

Until this season I have not been successful in breeding Saperda concolor. Lex.,
from its galls, although I have collected swellings on the stems of poplar and
willow with the utmost confidence on several previous occasions. The galls from
which the beetles were finally secured occurred on the stems of Populus halsamifera,
L.. usually on small second-growth material. The swellings were ellipsoidal to
spherical in form, and averaged about 2 cm. in length, the width varying with
the size of the affected hranch. The tunnels of the larvse were on an average
15 mm. in length by 4 mm, in diameter and passed almost straight along the
centre of the stem. In external form the gall closely resembles that produced on
Populus tremuloides, Michx., by the Clear-wing Moth, Memythrus tricinctus,
Harris. The beetles emerged early in May. In the locality where found the galls
were abundant enough to seriously damage the smaller specimens of the host.
Judging from my experience with this beetle a number of the swellings on poplar
and willow commonly ascribed to it must derive their stimulus from other sources
probably bacterial or fungal in character.

Another interesting gall not previously reported from this locality is that pro-
duced on various species of poplar by the moth Ectoedemia populella, Busck. I
collected this gall several years ago on Populus deltoides, Marsh., growing in the
ecanty soil of a small rocky island near Hutton House, Muskoka, but did not.
obtain it at Toronto until the present season. It is here found on Populus grandi-
dentata, Michx. The gall has not the spindle shape that we commonly associate
with the Lepidopterous type, but is nearly globular in form. It originates by a
swelling of the petiole of the leaf close to its junction with the blade.

The following list includes all the other Lepidopterous gall producers, as far
as reported from this vicinity;

Ecdytolopha insiticiana, Zeller.

Host, Robinia pseudo-acacia, L.

Eucosma scuddenana, Clemens.

Hosts, Solidago cnnndensis, L. ,

" serotina, var. gigantea, Gray.

Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis, Eiley.
Hosts, Solidago canadensis, L.

" serotina, var. gigantea. Gray.
" rugosa. Mill.

Gnorimoschema gallaeasterella, Kellicott.
Hosts, Solidago latifolia. L.

"' caesia, var. axillaris, Gray.

Memythrus tricinctus, Harris. ■

Host, Populus tremuloides, Michx. • >

Stag inatophora ceanothiella, Cosens. . ;

Host, Ceanothus americanus, L.

20 THE KEPOET OF THE No. 36

Oomplaints from amateur rose-growers, early in the season, led to an ex-
amination of several dead stalks from rose bushes. In almost every case a row
of larvae was found occupying the pith. These were arranged with surprising
regularity, each one occupying nearly the same space and separated from the next
by only a thin partition. The moths iiiat emerged from the affected twigs proved
to be CeratopJiorus tenax, Fox. Concerning this species S. A. Rohwer writes:
^'As a rule it cannot be classed as an injurious insect, as it attacks twigs which
have been pruned, in preference to making its own holes, and pruned twigs can be
treated by painting the end with almost any kind of paint, or putting a small
tack down the pith."

Leaves on Populus grandidentata, Michx., slightly rolled from one edge towards
ihe midrib and almost parallel to it were found to contain larvae of a sawfly.
These pupated in the soil of the breeding jar and emerged about the middle of
July. The species were found to be Pontania populi, Marlatt. The identification
of this and the preceding species I owe to the kindness of S. A. Eohwer, Wash-
ington.

This season has been a suitable one for the production of aphids. On the
American Elm numerous clusters of leaves rolled and massed together indicate
the activity of Schizoneura ainericana, Eiley, while along frost cracks and other
breaks in the superficial tissues frequent lines and masses of white pubescence
show that Schizoneura rileyi, Thomas, has there found favourable places for the
establishment of colonies. The many specimens of Scotch Elm, Ulmus glabra,
Huds., furnish a host for a distinct form of aphid. The individual leaves are
rolled from one side in this case, and the part included in the roll is distinctly
lighter in colour. For several years a large number of leaves have fallen in July
and August from our Norway Maples, Acer platanoides, L. This has been
particularly well marked this season. When the leaves are examined small colonies
of plant lice are found along the line of the midrib and the principal veins. The
larvae are light green in color, but the adults, while still retaining the green as
a ground color, are distinguished by a comparatively wide, red, median band on
the thorax and a V-shaped one on the abdomen, the open part of the V pointing
forward. The "honey-dew'^ from the aphids gives the leaves a varnished appear-
ance and often is so plentiful as to drip from them to the sidewalk. Populus
grandidentata, Michx., is attacked in a similar way by a closely related species of
aphid, but in this case the leaves do not become detached from the tree.

The larvae of the following moths were common this season on the hosts
indicated : —

Archips fractivittana, Clemens. — Host, Crataegus. — Tlie larva draws several
leaves of the host together with silk threads and feeds within the shelter thus
formed.

Acleris fractivittana, Clemens. — Host, a cultivated Double- white Lilac. — The
leaves are drawn together by the larva as in the preceding species.

Pyrausta sp., near to or thestealis, Walker. — Host, Corylus rostrata, Ait. —
The larva rolls up single leaves along a line almost parallel to the midrib.

Anacampsis populella, Clemens. — Host, Populus grandidentata, Michx. —
Single leaves of the host are rolled up as in the preceding species.

Acleris heindelana, Fernald. — An inquiline in the gall formed by Rhahdo-
pJiaga rhodoides, Walsh, on SaKx humilis, Marsh. This moth avails itself of
leaves already massed by the stimulus of the gall producer, and thus escapes the

1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 21

necessity of drawing them together with silk threads. A larger and darker form,
bred from leaves of Salix cordata, Muhl., that had been drawn together, has been
identified as probably the same species. If the examination of more material sub-
stantiates this concluson, it shows the inquilinous habit is not firmly estab-
lished.

For the identification of the above Lepidopterous forms I am indebted to
August Busck, Washington, D.C.

Division No. 5, Poet Hope. — F. J. A. Morris, Peteebokough.

1. Economic Entomology. — This last season the Tent Caterpillar was pre-
valent and did great damage to foliage. The prolific "nursery" for this creature
seems to be the wild shrubs and trees of cherry and kindred species bordering
farm, fields and woodlands. Such trees and shrubbs are abundant, and are uni-
versally neglected by the farmers. From them comes the supply that eventually
makes its way into neglected orchards and causes such unsightly havoc to the
foliage. This season the newly-hatched larvre were observed at work early in
May destroying the buds before the leaves unfolded. They were specially abundant
north of here, from five to thirty miles north of Lake Ontario, e.g.. Bethel,
Garden Hill, and Peterborough. In June they had stripped the trees in some
abandoned orchards entirely bare, and larvse nearly full-grown had spread (in
search of food) to adjoining lanes and woodlands. Specimens of the American
Tent CateiiDillar were as common in a hardwood bush between Garden Hill and
Carmel as those of the Forest Tent Caterpillar, and were found — shortly before
pupation — thriving on the leaves of maple, oak, basswood, birch, and hazel. If
it became the practice among farmers to exterminate from their fence borders
all cherry, hawthorn, and other kindred seedlings and shrubs, or at least to burn
ott' the webs early in May, this would go a great way towards stopping the pest at
its source.

In some of the gardens about town complaints were heard of a larva eating
dahlia buds. Some of the shade trees in residential quarters were badly disfigured
by "blight" — the work of the cotton-tail louse. Both species of asparagus beetles
were more abundant than ever in the district, and were found on wild plants
several miles distant from the town as well as in cultivated crops, but apparently
the damage caused by the insect is trivial. The "railroad" worm was almost
absent, a reaction after the extraordinary prevalence of three and two years ago;
the potato beetle, also, was conspicuous by its absence.

Another pest very noticeable this year was the aphis. Nasturtiums were
infested by a black aphid which so weakened the plants that after the drought
began in the middle of July the foliage shrivelled and died. In apple orchards
much havoc was wrought by a gi'een aphid. It attacked the foliage and fruit and
so weakened vitality that trees hitherto good bearers produced nothing but bunches
of small clustered apples which failed to mature; moreover, of those that ripened
normally many were spoiled for market by their appearance, being stained and
streaked with a dark secretion from the insect. Unfortunately, well-kept orchards
suffered most from these tiny epicures. Mr. Duncan, of the Department of Agri-
culture, estimated the loss in a ten-acre orchard of his own at above $150. He
used with good results a kerosene emulsion ; another remedy is a tobacco prepara-
tion known as "Black Leaf 40."

The "white grub," responsible for much local damage in recent years was less
prevalent in 1913, though some reported loss to potato and grass crops due to
this larva of the June beetle.

22 THE EEPOET OF THE No. 36

2. Juvenile ok Amateur Entomology. — Through Mr. Duncan's energies
great activity obtains among the school children in making collections of various
kinds. In addition to the usual inducements for pupils to make collections of
weeds, seeds, etc., for exhibit at show fairs in the fall, prizes were offered for
exhibits showing the work and life history of various insect pests. There were
also prizes offered for collections of insects beneficial and injurious. This has
been the custom for some years in our district, but the exhibits were more numerous
and better this year than ever before. For instance, the exhibitor who carried
off first prize in 1911 and 1912 entered the lists to compete with the prize
collection of 1911 and 1912 augmented by specimens taken in 1913 and yet failed
to get even a third place. Altogether, there were eight collections at the Port Hope
Show Fair and six at the Millbrook, besides eight and seven respectively at the-
two rural show fairs for South Hope ajid Cavan, the one held in Welcome and the
other at Whitfield. Some exhibits were entered at two fairs, but altogether more
than twenty different collections of insects were judged. Many of these were
quite extensive, representing several orders of insects, and the best exhibits showed
skill in mounting, as well as care and taste in arranging.

Adult collectors generally complain that the season of 1913' was a bad one for
the enthusiast. In Coleoptera neither Dr. Watson nor your District Director made
many captures worthy of note, as new or rare. In Lepidoptera we have two very
active collectors in Mr. Charles Mann and Mr. H. L. Bowers of the Standard
Ideal Company. The latter, especially, is a fine entomologist and has sent several
most interesting batches of Lepidoptera to Mr. Evans, of Trenton, for identifi-
cation. He reports the season as disappointing:

"All butterflies and most of our locally common moths were scarce. Anosia
plexippus, Linn., common in 1912, occurred hardly at all. Our representatives
of the Argynnis family, which in 1912 appeared to reach a numerical zenith, fell
to the nadir in 1913. This observation applies also to Brenthis, Phyciodes,
Satyrus, Vanessa, Grapto, Papilio, and Colias. Pieris rapae was abundant as
usual, and protodice was taken several times. P. napi remains constant in restricted
localities.

"Interesting takes were Phyciodes halesi, Eeak; Ccpnonympha inornaia, Edw. ;
Amhlyscirtes samoset, Scudd. ; Theda acadira, Edw.; T. Kparops, B. and L. ; T.
niplion, Hubn. ; Colias interior, Edw. ; Papilio ajax.

"Sugaring, the electric lights, and a light-trap were all comparative failures,
though in 1912 they had been very successful, the last-named method especially in
microlepidoptera,

"In the fall of 1912 moths of Malacosoma americana were extremely abundant.
1913 showed the result in that practically every haw and wild cherry tree had
from one to five nests. Some means should be taken to cut off this supply furnished
by wild food-plants. Moths of the cut-worm family were scarce; also those of
the woolly-bear group. Very few of the fall web-worm were taken. Leaf-rollers,
usually abundant, were scarce. Spring and fall canker-worms are not numerous
about Port Hope. The abundance of Celerio interm.edia was noticeable. Some
50 caterpllars were taken from a small patch of Epilohium actinocaulon. Tomato-
hawks were scarce. As said before, the year was a failure from a collector's stand-
point. With the exception of the tent-caterpillars, I do not know of any Lepi-
dopterous larvas that have caused serious depredations.''

Mr. Bowers closes his letter with a list of over twenty interesting captures
made this season. His list is on file, but is withheld owing to probable exigencies
of space.

1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Division No. 7. Niagara District — W. A. Ross, Jordan Harbour.

Insects of the Year. As I was absent from the Niagara District during
the greater part of 1913, I am not in a position to do justice to a report on "Insects
of the Year in Division 7/' and so in place of the customary report I shall present
brief notes on some insects which were of particular interest to me this past
season.

Orchard Pests.

Apple Maggot {Rhagohlis pomoveUa) . This insect was remarkably scarce
last summer in most sections of Ontario. In orchards which were badly infested
two and three years ago I had often to search quite diligently to secure a few
adults. It will undoubtedly interest the members of the Society to learn that the
Apple Maggot may remain in the soil in the pupal stage for two years. During the
month of July, five females and four males emerged from the soil in rearing-cages
in which 1911 pupae were placed during the spring of 1912. To corroborate this
important point, I examined four of this year's rearing-cages after the adults had
ceased emerging, and in the first I recovered twelve per cent, of the pupae placed
there in the spring; in the second, ten p«r cent.; in the third, eighteen per cent.,
and in the fourth, ten per cent. These pupae seemed to be perfectly healthy.

Apple Aphids. The question which I had to answer most frequently this
summer, while I was in Durham and Northumberland counties, was : " How are
aphids controlled? " Apple trees in these two counties were very badly infested with
plant lice. Even in well-cared-for orchards it was no uncommon sight to see the
work of these creatures in the form of clusters of dwarfed apples.

Four species of Apple Aphids occur in Ontario: The Apple Aphis, A. pomi,
tlie Grain Aphis, IJydaphis (Siphocoryne) avence, the Rosy Apple Aphid, Aphis
sorhi and the Woolly Apple Aphid, Schizoneura lanigera.

In regard to a remedy for aphids, there is a great need for an insecticide as
effective as " Black Leaf 40 " but not so costly, and which can be applied with
lime sulphur.

Green Peach Aphis {Myzus persicce). During late September and early
October the return migrants of this species were remarkably abundant in the Vine-
land District. On bright days the air seemed to be full of them. However, for-
tunately for the fruit grower the vast majority of these plant lice were destroyed
by predaceous and parasitic insects, by spiders (I observed thousands of alate forms
caught in the nets of Orb-weavers) and by a fungus Entomophthora aphides (?).

Greenhouse Pests.

SowBUGS. Although sowbugs are not insects, they are closely enough related
to the hexapods to be of interest to entomologists, and therefore the following notes
will not be out of place in an entomological report.

Sowbugs were exceedingly troublesome during the fall of 1912 and the spring
of 1913 in the greenhouses of J. Gammage and Sons, London, Ont. Owing to thedr
depredations the carnations were stunted and backward in growth, and the sweet
peas had to be sown again. The seedlings of Asparagus plumosus. Primula obconica,
Petunia, Lobelia, Solanura capsicum and of many other plants were badly attacked.
Tender cuttings, such as those of begonia and coleus, were also severely injured.

M THE KEPOET OF THE No. 36

I collected three species of isopods in these infested greenhouses: Armadilli-
dum vulgare, A. quadrifrons and Oniscus asellus.

Systemg^tic trapping by means of inverted flower pots containing damp hay
will very materially reduce the number of sowbugs.

A poisoned bait composed of :

2 parts rye flour or Bibb/s Calf Meal.
2 parts sugar.
1 part Paris green,
is also an effective remedy.

The tarring of branches is to be recommended, as coal tar, when fresh, acts as
a repellant, and as it also preserves the wood it thus deprives the isopods of their
favorite harbour — rotten wood.

Large numbers of sowbugs may be destroyed by pouring hot water into the
^revices and cracks in wooden partitions and benches; by applying it along the
edges of greenhouse beds where numerous " bugs " lie concealed ; and by flushing
cleared benches and the ground beneath them with it. This method can, of course,
be used to greatest advantage where the watering system can be temporarily con-
nected with a boiler or where the steam or hot water pipes can be tapped.

The destruction of all rubbish in and around greenhouses is a very important
means of prevention.

Tarnished Plant-bug, {Lygus pratends). This past year the Tarnished
Plant-Bug, masquerading under the name of the Aster Bug, has been far the most
serious pest in many Ontario florist's establishments. By its depredations on
chrysanthemums and asters it has been responsible for the loss of hundreds of
dollars. In reference to this, the manager of the Dale Estate, Brampton, writes:
" A conservative estimate of our loss on chrysanthemums this last season would
be $3,000, and on asters, $500."

Dr. Chittenden, of the United States Bureau of Entomology, recommends
spraying with a mixture of Black Leaf 40 and Whale Oil Soap as an effective
means of controlling this capsid. The keeping down of weeds and the destruction
of all rubbish in and around greenhouses is an important preventive measure.

True Bulb Mite, (Rkizoglypkus hyacinthi). While in London, Ont., last
February, Mr. Gammage, of J. Gammage & Sons, drew my attention to the un-
Jiealthy condition of a large percentage of his Easter lilies. The foliage of the
diseased plants was sickly, yellowish-green in color and was usually streaked and
spotted with light markings. So badly affected were some of the lilies that Mr.
Gammage found it necessary to throw ont over a thousand of tliem.

I examined several of the diseased specimens, and in every case I found small
translucent mites with brown appendages working in pockets and passages in the
bulb, and in many instances, in the stem. These mites were determined by Dr.
Nathan Banks as Rhizoglyphus hyacinthi Boisduv. As this species works on many
kinds of bulbs and will attack perfectly healthy ones, I am inclined to believe
that it was the primary cause of the unhealthy condition of the lilies.

Cattleya Fly, {Isoaoma orchidearum) . Early in the year this small hymen-
opterous fly was reported as being very troublesome in Thomas Manton's orchid
house at Eglinton. The female, according to Mr. George Manton, oviposits in the
young shoots of the Cattleya plants and the larvse feed on the orchid substance.

1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 35

Garden Insects.

Corn Eoot Aphis, {Aphis maidi-radicis) . Last summer cultivated asters in
a Bowmanville garden were very seriously injured by root aphids belonging to the
species Aphis maidi-radicis.

Beet Leaf Miner, {Fegomyia vidua). The work of this maggot on the leaves
of beets was very conspicuous during the summer and fall in many Bowmanville
gardens. The fly oviposits on the under surface of the leaf: the larva burrows into
the tissues and mines just beneath the upper epidermis. When mature, it drops
to the ground and transforms in the soil. From casual observations which I made
on this fly I am inclined to think that it has several generations each year in
Ontario.

Lecanium corni. During July I came across a number of thimble berry
bushes very badly infested with ihis scale. This Lecanium is usually so heavily
parasitized that it is seldom serious. Lime sulphur wash, applied after the leaves
have dropped and again before the buds have opened in the spring, is an effective
remedial measure.

Miscellaneous.

Elm Schizoneurans. Some elm trees in Durham county were badly infested
last spring with the leaf -curling species Schizoneura lanigera (americana) .

It will be of interest to note here that during the month of October I secured,
on the bark of Ulmus campestris, fall migrants of the other elm leaf aphid S. ulmi
(foediens) to which Miss Patch refers in : "A Note on Two Elm Leaf Aphids " —
Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 6, Number 3, 1913.

Mediterranean Flour Moth, {Ephestia JcuehnieUa). This insect is still
imposing a heavy tax on the milling industry and feed trade in Ontario, and it
seems to me that the toll is becoming heavier each year. It was particularly trouble-
some this autumn in a large feed store in Dun das. When I visited this store, I
found all the meal and flour literally alive with caterpillars. The moth had been
brought into the building in a shipment of corn meal.

Undoubtedly where superheating is practicable it is the most effective method
of ridding th^ mill or store of this scourge. A temperature above 130 degrees
Fahrenheit, maintained for at least ten hours will prove fatal to all the adults,
caterpillars and eggs of Ephestia.

In using the superheating remedy the following precautions are important :

1. No bags of infested meal or flour should be left on the basement floor, as
difficulty is often experienced in raising the temperature of this floor to a fatal
point.

2. Bags of meal or flour should not be superheated when in piles, but each
bag should stand separate so that the heated air can circulate freely around it.

3. Belting and anything else liable to be injured by excessive heat should be
removed from the building.

4. Thermometers registering over 130 degrees Fahrenheit or 50 degrees Centi-
grade should be placed in different parts of the building to insure thorough work.

5. When it is found impossible to maintain a fatal temperature on the base-
ment floor, the same should be scalded with hot water to destroy any caterpillars
which might have dropped there.

26 THE EEPORT OF THE No. 36

EEPORT OP THE COUNCIL.

The Council of the Entomological Society begs to present its report for the
year 1912-13.

The 49th annual meeting of the Society was held at Ottawa on Tuesday and
Wednesday, November 19th and 20th, 1912. The day meetings were held at the
Carnegie library and the chair was occupied by the President, Dr. E. M. Walker.
In the evening a meeting was held at the Normal School and presided over by the
Honorable Martin Burrell, Minister of Agriculture for the Dominion. There were
a number of members present from a distance and a good attendance of those
resident in Ottawa. During the first morning a meeting of the Council took place
at the Experimental Farm. A committee was then appointed to consider certain
changes in the constitution of the Society which were proposed at a recent meeting
at Guelph. Arrangements were also made for marking the Society's 50th Annual
Meeting by holding the Jubilee celebration at Guelph and inviting delegates from
other societies and institutions. A special committee was appointed to take charge
of the arrangements in connection with the meeting. In the afternoon the reports
of the Directors on the insects of the year, and of the Montreal, Toronto and
British Columbia Branches were read and discussed. The President, Dr. Walker,
delivered the annual address, on the " Faunal Zones of Canada." Dr. Hewitt gave a
review of Canadian entomology for 1912, in which he described the work of the
Division for the year and of the valuable results that had already followed the
establishment of field stations. Prof. Lochhead gave an address on the teaching of
Entomology in the Agricultural Colleges. Dr. Fyles read one of his charming
papers on the " Rise in Public Estimation of the Science of Entomology.''

A public meeting was held in the evening in the auditorium of the Normal
School. After an introductory address by the Chairman, the Honorable Martin
Burrell, Mr. F. W. L. Sladen, of the Division of Entomology, gave a very inter-
esting and instructive lecture on " Bumble Bees and tlieir Ways," illustrated by a
number of beautiful lantern slides.

On Wednesday the following papers were read : " The Chinch Bug in On-
tario," by Mr. H. F. Hudson ; " The Importation and Establishment; of Predaceous
Enemies of the Brown-tail Moth in New Brunswick," by Mr. J. D. Tothill ; " The
Discovery of the San Jose Scale in Nova Scotia," by Mt. G. E. Sanders ; " Obser-
vations on the Effect of Climatic Conditions on the Brown-tail Moth in Canada,"
by Messrs. Tothill and Sanders ; " Observations on the Apple Maggot in Ontario in
1912," by Mr. W. A. Ross; "Notes on Injurious Orchard Insects in Quebec in
1912," by Mr. C. E. Petch; "Insects of the Season in Ontario," by Mr. L. Cfesar;
"Injurious Insects in Quebec for the year 1912," by Prof. W. Lochhead; "Forest
Insects in Canada in 1912," by Mr. J. M. Swaine; " The Elater Beetles," by Mr. G.
Beaulieu ; " Aquatic Insects," by Dr. R. Matheson ; " The Entomological Record for
1912," and " Flea Beetles and their Control," by Mr. A. Gibson ; "Insect Pests of
Southern Manitoba during 1912,'' by Mr. Norman Criddle; " Some New and Un-
recorded Ontario Fruit Pests " and " Arsenite of Zinc as a Substitute for Arsenate
of Lead," by Mr. L. Csesar. A special feature of the meeting was an interesting
address by Mr. J. H. Grisdale, Director of the Dominion Experimental Farms, in
which a keen appreciation was shown of the work that is now being done in Canada
in Economic Entomology.

1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 37

The Canadian Entomologist, the monthly journal of the Society has been
issued regularly each month. The forty-fourth volume was completed in Decem-
ber last. It consisted of 378 pages and was illustrated by a number of full page
plates and many original drawings. The contributors numbered 53 and included
writers in Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Manitoba, Alberta, Australia, Peru and
many states of the Union.

Meetings of the Society were held on alternate Thursday afternoons during
winter months in the Biological classroom of the Ontario Agricultural College,
and much interest was shown by students of the four years. The average atten-
dance at the meetings was fourteen. The following subjects were taken up and
discussed: "The Insects of the Season in Ontario," by Mr. L. Cassar; "Some
Notes on the House Ply/' by G. J. Spencer; " The Apple Maggot," by C. A. Good;
" Strepsiptera " by A. W. Baker; "The Anatomy of the Honey Bee," by J. C.
Millen; "The Eole of Insects in the Spread of Fire Blight" by D. Jones; "The
Thrips of Ontario," by J. W. Noble ; " Entomological Work in Kansas," by Mr. E.
Eraser.

The reports of the Branches of the Society at Montreal and Toronto showed
that meetings had been regularly held and much active work had been performed.
The Council are gratified at being able to report the great increase in the number of
members of the British Columbia branch due to the active work carried on by
Mr. E. C. Treherne. The Council has much pleasure also in reporting that the
total number of new members joining the Society during the past year has
amounted to one hundred. The Council wishes to express its gratification at the
number who have now assembled in celebration of the Jubilee meeting of the
Society which will make this gathering a memorable occasion. It extends a hearty
welcome to all our visitors from a distance and trusts that they will enjoy their
visit to Guelph.

EEPOET OF THE MONTEEAL BEANCH.

The fortieth annual meeting of the Montreal Branch was held at 74 McTavish
St., on Saturday evening. May 17th.

Members present: Messrs. G. A. Southie, G. Chagnon, H. H. Lyman, A. F.
Winn, E. C, Barwick, G. H. Clayson, Geo. A. Moore.

The minutes of the April meeting and of the last annual meeting were read
and confirmed. Mr. G. M. Henderson was elected a member of the Branch.

The Secretary read the following:

Eepokt of the Council.

Eight meetings have been held during the season of 1912-13, the average at-
tendance being over six. Two members have been added.

The following papers were read (most of which were illustrated by specimens)
and each was thoroughly discussed.

Annual Address of President, G. A. Southee; "The Newman Relaxing Jar," A. F.
Winn; "Hibernation of Some Butterflies," A. F. Winn; "Collecting Erebia Cassiope
in the English Lake District," L. Gibb; "Collecting at Newago, Que.," G. A. Southee;
"Notes on Hepialus Mustelinus," G. A. Southee; " Gelastocoridae or Toad-shaped
Bugs," Geo. A. Moore; "Notes on the Eastern Species of Gonodontes," A. F. Winn;
"The Second International Congress of Entomology," H. H. Lyman; " Gynandromorphous
Butterflies," L. Gibb; " Melanolophia Canadaria and its Allies," A. F. Winn; "The
Distribution of Heteroptera," Geo. A. Moore.

^8 THE EBPOET OF THE No. 36

The exceptionally rainy season made 1912 a most disappointing year for
entomological outings, and this doubtless in part accounts for the falling off in the
number of papers read, and the apparent lack of interest. It might be advantageous
if the incoming Council, instead of waiting until the fall to plan a programme,
could arrange during this month a list of at least one subject for a paper for each
monthly meeting, and also appoint a committee of two or three to try and arrange
some outings for holidays, or Saturday afternoons. A record of any notable cap-
tures made on such trips should be kept.

At the annual meeting of the parent society, the branch was represented by
Mr. H. H. Lyman and Mr. A. F. Winn.

The first part of the list of insects of the Province of Quebec, comprising the
Lepidoptera, has been published and distributed by the Quebec Society for the
Protection of Plants. This was compiled and edited by Mr. A. F. Winn. It is
hoped that the members of the Branch will endeavor to get the parts dealing with
the other orders ready as soon as possible.

The Treasurer's report shows a balance of $77.86 on hand.

A copy of Dr. Walker's monograph of the Genus Aeshna has been presented to
our Society for our library.

Respectfully submitted on behalf of the Council.

(Signed) A. F. Winn, Secretary.

The retiring President, Mr. G. A. Southee, read his annual address, after which
the election of officers for the ensuing year was proceeded with and which resulted
as follows :

President A. F. Winn.

Vice-President G. Chagnon.

Secretary Geo. A. Moore.

Treasurer and Curator H. H. Ltman.

Council G. A. Southee, E. C. Barwick, G. H. Clayson.

Mr. A. F. Winn exhibited a jar of larv^ of Haploa confusa found that after-
noon at Notre Dame de Grace. Mr. H. H. Lyman exhibited a certificate of an honor
recently bestowed upon him, that of being elected Fellow of the American Asso-
ciation for Advancement of Science. He received the congratulations of all
present.

The meeting then adjourned.

Geo. a. Moore, Secretary.

REPORT OF THE TORONTO BRANCH.

The seventeenth annual meeting of the Society was held on Tuesday, June 10,
1913, in the Biological Building, the President, Dr. Cosens, in the chair. The
members present were Dr. Cosens, Dr. Walker, Messrs. Snazelle, Williams, Auden,
Logier, and Smith. After routine business of regular meetings was disposed of
the Secretary read the report of the Council.

Ten meetings in all, including a special business one and the final business one,
were held during the season 1912-13. An open meeting was held in January. Dr.
Walker had arranged in the Biological Museum the collection of Forest Insects and
their work, which he has been making for the Forestry Department of the TJni-

1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 29

versity. It already contains illustrations of the important forest pests. There
was a large attendance of visitors, and Dr. Walker gave an interesting lecture de-
scriptive of the collection. The whole museum was open after the meeting for
inspection of those present.

The average attendance at the other meetings was eight. A number of ex-
ceptionally interesting papers have been given and have been much appreciated by
the members. The titles are as follows :

Nov. 14.— Dr. Walker, "The Map of the Faunal Zones of North America."
Paul Ilahn, Eeport of the successful campaign against the Tussock Moth in
Toronto.

Dec. 12. — Dr. Cosens, " Tlie Entomologist in Fiction."

Jan, 9. — Dr. Walker, "Forest Insects."

Feb, 20. — V. Jackson, " New Zealand Insects."

Mar. 13. — J. B. Williams, " Butterfly Hunting in Many Lands, by Lang-
staff." Dr. Walker, " Present State of our Knowledge of the Insect Fauna of
Toronto District."

April 10.— W. A. Clemens, " May Flies."

May S. — Dr. Cosens, '^ Lantern Slides, illustrating the Structure of some In-
sect Galis.^'

June 10. — Dr. Walker, " The introduction of Parasites in the Control of the
Gypsy and Brown-tailed Moths."

Field meetings were held on May 3rd at York Mills, and on May 24th at
Mount Dennis, At York Mills, many galls of Rho,hdopliaga strohiloides were found
containing eggs of a Xiphidium, probably ensiferum. At Mount Dennis a dragon-
fly, OpJiiogompJms rupinsulensis was captured; this is new to the Toronto district.

Five new members have joined the branch during the year, and two members
have resigned. The year has been unusually successful financially.

Mr. Williams submitted the report of the Librarian. The Branch subscribes
for The Entomological News and for The Annals of the Entomological Society of
America. The publications of the Bureau of Entomology at Washington and the
Entomological Eeports from the New York State Museum at Albany have also
been regularly received.

The election of oflScers resulted as follows : —

President Dr. A. Cosens.

Vice-President Dr. E. M. Walker.

Secretary-Treasurer E. H. Craigie, 40 Leopold St.

Litrarian W. Logieb.

Council J. B. Williams, V. Jackson, C. W. Nash, Abthub Smith.

Respectfully submitted,

' * . E. H. Craiqie,

Secretary.

30 THE EEPOET OF THE No. 36

REPOET OF THE CUEATOE.

While the Society's collections have been examined regularly throughout the
past year and kept in order, with the exception of a few Diptera, they have had
no additions made to them. Correctly named specimens of Hynaenoptera, Diptera,
and Hemiptera are badly needed, and gifts of specimens from members who have
them to spare would be greatly appreciated. The collections have been frequently
used by fourth year students for identification purposes, and by a considerable
number of visiting members.

Eespectfully submitted,

G. J. Spencer, Curator.

REPOET OF THE LIBEAEIAN.

During the year ending October 31st, 1913, 32 bound volumes have been
added to the library, making the total number on the register 2,185. There have
also been added a large number of periodicals and other publications of scientific
societies throughout the world as well as bulletins and pamphlets. These are
classified so as to be available for reference. Amongst the additions to the library
may be mentioned the following : "Catalogue of Lepidoptera Phalsenae in the British
Museum," Vols. 11 and 12 by Sir George Hampson; "The Humble Bee," by F.
W. L. Sladen; "Aquatic Insects in New York State," by Professor Needham and
others; "Entomology with Eeference to its Biological and Other Aspects," 2nd
edition, by J. W. Folsom; "Social Life in the Insect World," by J. H. Fabre;
"Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten," by Professor Paul Sorauer.

The library continues to be largely used by the Biological students and staff
of the Ontario Agricultural College and is of great assistance to them in their
scientific investigations. Want of space unfortunately prevents a proper classifica-
tion being made of the books and they are consequently not arranged in a satis-
factory order.

Eespectfully submitted,

Charles J. S. Bethune,

Libra/rian.

EEPOET OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTAEIO TO THE
EOYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA.

W. LOGHHEAD, MaCDONAT.D COLLEGE^ QUB.

As delegate of the Entomological Society of Ontario I have the honour of
presenting the following Eeport:

The work of the Society during the past year has been attended with the usual
success. The number of active workers has increased in recent years, due to the
demand for investigation into the losses caused by the increased number of insect
pests that prey upon the crops of the farm, orchard, garden and forest. The great

1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 31

expansion of agriculture in Canada and the attendant extension of trade witii
various parts of the world have brought the study of economic entomology into
greater prominence than formerly. New pests threaten us, and old ones demand
further investigation. There is a pressing demand for the discovery of more ef-
fective methods of control which call for men of considerable practical knowledge
of the various branches of agriculture and a thorough grounding in entomology
and related subjects. Fortunately our Agricultural Colleges are turning out such
men, but the demand is still greater than the supply.

In order to cope with the work in hand, new lines of investigation are being
followed. For example, trained men are now located at field stations in infested
areas, where they are able to study the pests at work, learn their habits and life
history, and work out effective methods of control. Attention is being given also
to the breeding of parasitic insects which prey upon injurious forms with the hope
of restoring the balance which has been disturbed. Along these lines the Society
with its many trained men is doing active work.

The forty-ninth annual meeting of the Society was held in the Carnegie
Library, Ottawa, November 19th and 20th last, with a large attendance of mem-
bers present. An account of the papers read will be found in the forty-third An-
nual Report of the Society soon to appear.

The titles of the papers are:

"Faunal Zones of Canada," by Dr. E. M. Walker (President's Address).

" Review of Canadian Entomology for 1912," by Dr. Hewitt.

" The Teaching of Entomology in the Agricultural College," by Prof. Lochhead.

" The Rise in Public Estimation of the Science of Entomology," by Rev. Dr. Fyles.

"Bumble-Bees and Their Ways," by F. W. L. Sladen (Public Lecture).

"The Chinch-Bug in Ontario," by H. F. Hudson.

"The Importation and Establishment of Predaceous Enemies of the Brown-tail
Moth in New Brunswick," by J. D. Tothill.

" The Discovery of the San Jose Scale in Nova Scotia," by G. E. Sanders.

" Observations on the Effect of Climatic Conditions on the Brown-tail Moth in
Canada," by Messrs, Tothill and Sanders.

" Observations on the Apple Maggot in Ontario in 1912," by W. A. Ross.

" Notes on Injurious Orchard Insects in Quebec in 1912," by C. E. Petch.

" Insects of the Season in Ontario," by L. Caesar.

" Injurious Insects in Quebec in 1912," by Prof. Lochhead.

" Forest Insects in Canada in 1912," by J. M. Swaine,

" The Elater Beetles," by G. Beaulieu.

' Aquatic Insects," by Dr. R. Matheson.

" The Entomological Record for 1912," by A. Gibson.

"Flea Beetles and Their Control," by A. Gibson.

" Insect Pests of Southern Manitoba During 1912," by N, Criddle.

" Some New and Unrecorded Ontario Fruit Pests," by L. Caesar.

" Arsenite of Zinc as a Substitute for Arsenate of Lead," by L. Caesar.

The Canadian Entomologist, the publication of the Society, under the editor-
ship of Dr. E. 'M. Walker, has now entered its forty-fifth volume, and is recognized
as one of the most valuable Entomological Magazines on the continent.

The Society is now entering upon its fiftieth year of existence, and will hold
its Jubilee at Guelph at the end of August. Invitations have been issued to the
Scientific Societies of America to send delegates to the meeting. It is noteworthy
that one of the founders of the Society, Eev. Dr. Bethune, is President for the pre-
sent year, and will preside over the meetings at the Jubilee Celebration.

32 THE EEPOET OF THE No. 36

GEEETINGS FROM SUEVIVING OEIGINAL MEMBEES.

Wm. Saundees, LL.D., the first Secretary-Treasurer of the Entomological
Society of Ontario, and for a number of years its President, sent cordial greetings
to the officers and members by his son, on the occasion of the jubilee of the Society.
Dr. Saunders' health was too frail to permit him to attend the gathering.

Mr. Edmund Baynes Eeed, another surviving charter member, also sent a
message from his present home in Victoria, B.C. Among other things he said:

"I have a vivid recollection of the organization of our society and our first
meeting at the residence of Professor Croft, and I have many pleasant memories
of long years of friendly intercourse with many of my brethren of the ISFet. It
seems hard to realize that only three of us remain of our original Charter number,
but amidst all our feelings of sincere regret for the many absent friends and
members who have "crossed the bar" there are bright and cheering thoughts of
the splendid work carried on with their assistance so perseveringly for many
years, which has helped to place our Society so deservedly in the forefront of this
our chosen branch of Natural History. I especially bear in mind our valuable
Library, in which I have always taken the deepest interest from its earliest days,
when it began with some half dozen books lent by myself."

Mr. N. H. Covt^DET^ who was one of the earliest members of the Society,
writing from Chicago, 111., said : "It is hard for me to realize that fifty years-
have passed since the first meeting. I was then fourteen years old, and can
well remember some meetings which were held in a room opposite what is now the
Assistant Eeceiver General's office in Toronto, and also some at the residences of
Professors Croft and Hincks and Dr. Sangster. Some field days also interested
me very much."

THE EOYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA.

The Eoyal Society of Canada takes a particular pleasure in extending to the
President, officers and members of the Entomological Society of Ontario its-
felicitations on the occasion of your fiftieth annual meeting. As one of its
affiliated societies, the Eoyal Society is mindful of the progress and invaluable
work of your society whose field of labor is co-extensive with its own. The in-
clusion in its fellowship, however, of so many Canadian entomologists who have
gained distinction through their advancement of the science, strengthens the
bond which exists between the two societies. We would remind you that one of
your founders, Dr. Wm. Saunders, C.M.G., is not only a charter member of the
Eoyal Society also, but held with distinction the office of President of the Eoyal
Society in 1906-7. Your Jubilelg /President, the Eev. Charles J. S. Bethune,
M.A., D.C.L., and another of the foundera of your society, has for many years been
a Fellow of the Eoyal Society of Canada." The late Dr. James Fletcher, LL.D.,.
twice your President, filled the office of Honorary Secretary df the Eoyal Society
and worked for its welfare with that characteristic devotion ' which is known so-
well to your Society and, which advanced your science in Canada to a degree not
previously attained. As a Fellow "of our' Society we', also deplored the death of
the Eev. G. W. Taylor, whose studies' in the Geometridre gained him a continental
reputation, and another of .our Fellows, Mr. W. H. Harrington, added consider-

1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 33

ably to our knowledge of the Hymenoptera. In view of the enormous advances
which have been made in Entomology during the last few years, especially in
so far as the study of insects is related to the progress of agriculture and the
prevention of human and other diseases the Royal Society feels assured that your
work cannot be otherwise than of inestimable value to the people of Canada and
to the advancement of knowledge. As a joint labourer in a field of unequalled-
opportunities, it desires to express to you its sincere wish for the continuance in
even greater measure of that success which has so conspicuously attended your
ejfforts in the past and for the progress of your science which has so intimate a.
bearing on the prosperity of this country.

Frank D. Adams, D.Sc, F.R.S., President.
Duncan C, Scott, F.E.C.S., Honorary Secretary.

ADDRESSES BY DELEGATES.

Brief addresses, referring to the Jubilee of the Society, were given by a num-
ber of persons representing certain bodies or institutions, as follows:

Rev. Peof. C. J. S. Bethune: I have been appointed by its President, Dr.
Philip P. Calvert, to represent the American Entomological Society on this
occasion, having been elected a corresponding member as far back as October 16,
1868. I have also the honour to be President this year of the Entomological
Society of America, a much younger organization, which will be represented by
its Secretary, Prof. MacGillivray, of Urbana. Til.

The American Entomological Society of Philadelphia is one that claims pre-
cedence over our Ontario Society, having been organized in the year 1859, four
years before ours came into existence. It began, as we did and many other insti-
tutions that have grown and prospered, in a very humble way. Three men, who
were students of insects, met at the house of Mr. Ezra T. Cresson, one of the
three in Philadelphia, on the 14th of February, 1859, and decided to form a
Society for the advancement of Entomological Science. After talking the matter
over, they arranged to invite all their acquaintances who were interested in the
study, to attend a meeting during the following week and at the same house. On
February 32, 1859, fifteen persons were present at the meeting and the organization
was formed and named "The Entomological Society of Philadelphia." For some
time their numbers were small, their finances very meagre and their meetings were
held in private houses, but they were full of energy and enthusiasm. Soon the
want of some means of publishing the papers and observations of members was
felt, and a subscription was taken up to purchase a printing press and type. A
small outfit was secured at a cost of $74.50, and the members after business hours
worked hard and late in setting up type and striking off copies with the small hand
press, which would only serve for one page at a time. Thus was begun the publica-
tion of the " Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia " in March,
1861. A larger press and printing equipment were soon found to be necessary,
but until January, 1885, the work continued to be done by volunteer amateurs.
It is remarkable how well they did their work and how few are the errors to be
3 E.S.

34 THE EEPORT OF THE - No. 36

found in those pages. Six volumes of these "Proceedings" were published, but
are now out of print and a complete set will find a ready purchaser at a price of
$50, so valuable is the work considered.

By 1867 the membership of the Society and the scope of its work had ex-
tended over the continent ; it was therefore decided to change its name to " The
American Entomological Society '^ and to issue its publications under the title of
"Transactions" instead of "Proceedings." Thirty-nine volumes of the new series
have now been published, appearing in quarterly numbers. They are a perfect
mine of information on insects of all orders and are of so high a scientific char-
acter that no systematic worker can get on without them.

On behalf of this great and fiourishing Society and by request of its President
I have great pleasure in tendering to the Entomological Society of Ontario its
hearty congratulations on the celebration of its Jubilee, and its best wishes for
the continued success and prosperity of its Canadian co-worker in the vast field of
Entomology.

Peof. E. M. Walker: I have the honour of extending to you the greetings
and congratulations of the University of Toronto on the occasion of the fiftieth
anniversary of the Society's foundation.

Although Entomology has never been a prominent subject on the University
curriculum this deficiency must not be taken as indicative of an underestimation
of its value as a study or its importance to the community, for the Biological
Department is highly appreciative of the importance and usefulness of the work
that is being done by the Entomological Society of Ontario. The small place given
to Entomology on the curriculum is due partly to the fact that as yet there is no
faculty of agriculture in the University and partly because the elective system of
instruction is not followed in our University, and it is, therefore, very difficult
to provide for the teaching of special branches of zoology, such as entomology.
The curriculum in biology is already almost overloaded with the-more fundamental
subjects.

The need of some knowledge of systematic zoology, particularly in entomology,
is, however, keenly felt by many of our graduates who become science teachers in
the high schools and collegiate institutes, and we are now offering a course in this
subject which, it is hoped, will meet this need to some extent. It is hoped also
that more of our graduates in biology may thus be stimulated to take a closer
interest in entomology and the Entomological Society of Ontario.

The University of Toronto extends it best wishes for the continued growth
and prosperity of the Entomological Society of Ontario.

Peof. "W. Lochhead offered the felicitations of McGill University, Montreal,
and referred to the strong men who had been leaders in the work of the Society.

Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt: I have been requested by the Minister of Agri-
culture, the Hon. Martin Burrell to represent the Department of Agriculture and
to convey to the Society his hearty congratulations on this occasion. As many
of you know, he takes a personal interest in entomology, especially in its economic
aspects. In referring to the entomological work in the Canadian Department of
Agriculture, I should like to say under what a great obligation we are to Dr.
Bethune for the supply of men he has been able to give us. If it were not for
the Ontario Agricultural College and the splendid training which is given to stu-

1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 35

dents who specialize in Entomology we could not have made such progress as we
have been able to make. Their work speaks well for the excellent training they
have received from Dr. Bethune.

Mr. J. C. Chapais, representing the Quebec Society for the Protection of
Plants, after offering congratulations, spoke of the splendid work done for -ento-
mology in the Province by the late Abbe Provancher, and by Eev. Thos. Eyles.

Me. E. C. Teeherne conveyed the compliments and the good wishes of the
British Columbia Entomological Society and more especially to the honored Presi-
dent, Dr. C. J. S. Bethune, from whom they had always received sound advice
and encouragement.

Me. H. H. Lyman", in the absence of Mr. A. F. Winn, presented the felicita-
tions of the Montreal Branch of the Entomological Society of Ontario. He re-
ferred to the celebration, fifteen years ago, of the 25th Anniversary of the Branch,
which has the honour of being the third senior entomological society on this con-
tinent, being antedated only by the American Entomological Society and the parent
society. He extended warm congratulations to the revered president, Dr. Bethune,
and expressed the hope that he might long be spared to the society.

De. a. Cosens very cordially extended the greeting of the Toronto branch
of the Entomological Society of Ontario.

Me. Aethue Gibson, representing the Ottawa Field-Katuralists' Club, offered
warm congratulations. The Club desired to place on record its full appreciation
of the splendid results achieved by the Entomological Society of Ontario during
the fifty years of its existence. The series of volumes of the Canadian Entomo-
logist and the yearly reports of the Society are invaluable to students of insects
of every country.

Prof. Comstock extended the heartiest congratulations of the Entomological
Society of London.

Prof. P. J. Parrott said : In representing the American Association of
Economic Entomologists it gives me great pleasure to present greetings to the
Entomological Society of Ontario at this celebration of its fiftieth anniversary and
to express our heartiest congratulations upon the completion of this period of
honorable and effective service, and to extend warm wishes for continued success
and prosperity.

E. M. Webster, representative of the Entomological Society of Washington
and the Bureau of Entomology, U.S. Department of Agriculture, brought greet-
ings from these. He spoke with feeling of the high character and ability of the
late Dr. James Fletcher, and referred to the excellent work done by Dr. Saunders
and Dr. Bethune. He also said that they had a number of graduates from Guelph
in the Bureau, and "if we have a jDoor one, I certainly do not know it."

Prof. J. H. Comstock, representing Cornell University, said: Your col-
leagues in the study of Entomolog}' at Cornell University wish to extend to
you our heartiest congratulations on your completion of fifty years of most eminent
service to our favorite science.

The unselfish devotion of the members of this society to science has been an
inspiration to all American entomologists. The appearance of your journal. The
Canadian Entomologist, has been eagerly looked for monthly by many readers
across the border. In fact this journal has been Canadian only in name, for the
generous treatment of contributors living south of the Great Lakes has made us
feel that it is our journal also, and those of us who have been admitted to member-
ship in the Entomological Society of Ontario appreciate the honour most deeply.

36 THE EEPORT OF THE No. 36

Dk. E. p. Felt, representing the New York Entomological Society, briefly
said: The New York Entomological Society, through its accredited representa-
tives, hereby conveys to the Entomological Society of Ontario its most hearty
felicitations upon this Jubilee occasion. We would also extend to your highly
respected and beloved President a most sincere appreciation of the part he has
taken in establishing the Society and putting entomological work in Canada upon
such a satisfactory basis.

Mr. Geoffrey Meade-Waldo, representing the British Museum Natural His-
tory Department, brought most hearty congratulations from the President of the
British Museum to the Entomological Society of Ontario on the accomplishment
of fifty years of such splendid work, with all best wishes for future prosperity.

Dr. E. Stewart MacDougall, representing the University of Edinburgh,
Scotland, and the Imperial Bureau of Entomology, was hearty and sympathctir
in his congratulations. He also remarked that the Entomological Society of On-
tario was celebrating its jubilee at a time when more than ever before an interest
was being taken in economic entomology.

Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt represented the University of Manchester, England,,
and on behalf of that institution presented greetings and sincere wishes for con-
tinued success. He also extended congratulations as representing the Academy of
Science, of Philadelphia.

Mr. J. D. ToTiiiLL conveyed the hearty congratulations of the Natural His-
tory Society of New Brunswick which, only a few months ago. had celebrated its
own 50th anniversary. As a proof of the Society's interest in entomology he men-
tioned that it had embarked upon the preparation of a list of New Brunswick
insects, somewhat after the plan of the la<te Dr. J. B. Smith's "Insects of New
Jersey."

LETTERS OF CONGRATULATION.

Letters from a number of representative bodies, all of them encouraging and
most of them couched in most felicitous terms, were received, and read. Un-
fortunately there is room in this report only for their bare acknowledgment, as
follows :

Laval University, Quebec.

University of Cambridge.

University of Oxford.

Natural History Society of Glasgow.

Boston Society of Natural History.

California State Commission of Horticulture.

University of Chicago.

University of Colorado.

The Essex Institute, Salem, Mass.

Harvard University.

University of Iowa.

Kansas State Agricultural College.

Leland Stanford Junior University.

German Entomological Museum.

Imperial Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.
Letters of a congratulatory nature were also received from a number of
individual well wishers.

1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 37

PEESIDENTIAL ADDEESS.
Rev. Prof. C. J. S. Bethune, O.A.C, Guelph.

For nearly a year now I have been unable to write, and for a longer period
unable to read without considerable difiSculty; you can, therefore, understand that
it' has been quite impossible for me to prepare a fonnal address to present on this
occasion. It has been suggested to me that it might interest those who are here
to-day to tell you something about the formation of the Society, and also of the
conditions under which we, who were young at that time, had to work, so different
from those of the present day.

To tell you about these things involves speaking about myself, and I may be
considered somewhat egotistical, but that is natural if one speaks of one's self. When
I was a student at Trinity College, Toronto, a good while ago, I became very much
interested in entomology. There were classes at the college in Elementary Physics,
called then " Experimental Philosophy," in Chemistry and Geology, but there were
no lectures in Biology. At that time meetings of the Canadian Institute were held
on Saturday evenings through the winter months. I was enabled to join as a
junior member and used to attend these meetings, which concluded with coffee and
biscuits in a sociable way, and thus the members got to know each other. Though
only a young man, I formed acquaintance with the professors at the Toronto
University, with which Trinity College had nothing to do in those days. Dr. Croft,
professor of Chemistry, and Prof. Hincks of Botany, were two with whom I be-
came most intimate.

I was given access to the University Library, and found a good many old works
on entomology. One day Prof. Croft said, " You ought to know young Saunders of
London; he is a chemist but is much devoted to entomology, you should make his
acquaintance." So I wrote to "young" Saunders, and that was the beginning of
a friendship which has now lasted for over half a century. We began writing fre-
quently, and subsequently visited each other, which led on to the formation of this
Society. At that time he was a very slight and delicate young man, one would
hardly think he could live for any length of time, and one could not imagine then
that he would develop into the broad shouldered man he afterwards became. I
think his improvement in strength was largely due to doing entomological work
and spending all the time he possibly could out of doors. In those days he was a
druggist and chemist, kept a drug store in London, and lived in rooms above,
having a laboratory in the rear. Dr. Saunders was one of the most remarkable men
1 ever met through his capability for doing good work in so many different direc-
tions. He was an excellent botanist, and one of our foremost men in economic
entomology. He was greatly interested in growing fruit, and knew all about the
different varieties, having a fruit-farm on the outskirts of the city and being at
times President of the Ontario Fruit- Growers' Association. He was also well known
amongst pharmaceutical people, and was President of the American Society of that
name. He was a member of the American Association for the Advancement of
Science; one of the original Fellows of the Poyal Society of Canada; Director of
the Huron and Erie Savings Society, and interested in other business organiza-
tions. On Sundays he had a class of about seventy young children whom he used
to instruct in a delightful manner. Finally, possessing all these accomplishments
and attainments, he was chosen as Director of the Experimental Farms of the

38 THE REPOliT OF THE No. 36

Dominion, and moved to Ottawa, and his work since has been widely known. He
had to plan out the whole organization of the system and it has been wonderfully
successful.

Now to get back to my early days. When I began collecting and studying
insects there were no publications available. The first book that gave me any idea
of Canadian insects was Gosse's "Canadian Naturalist." (Dr. Fyles mentioned this
in his paper last year). It was in the form of conversations carried on between
father and son describing all the natural phenomena that were to be observed dur-
ing each month of the year. There were illustrations given of a few butterflies
and beetles and the names of some of thenij but the list was very meagre.

There was a printer in Toronto by the name of Couper, a man of no education-
to speak of, but who was devoted to entomology and nature in general. He pub-
lished a series of papers in the Canadian Journal, giving brief descriptions of all
the larger beetles to be found in the neighborhood of Toronto. This was an im-
mense help to me and others who were interested in these insects. He also published
a calendar, giving dates of appearance of birds and insects. In those days before
Confederation, Canada consisted of the provinces known as Upper and Lower, now
called Ontario and Quebec, and Parliament met in Toronto. It had a wonderful
library for those early days, in which I was permitted to go and read, but not to
take any books out; so I spent there any time I could, and copied out descriptions
of insects and made drawings of illustrations. The descriptions were mostly in
Latin or French. The Library had the early issues of the Journals of the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and other Societies. It was thus no simple or
easy matter to get any literature whatever on the subject of entomology. The
greatest help I obtained was a copy of Westwood's Modern Classification of Insects,
which at the time I procured it was an expensive book. From Kirby and Spence's
Entomology I also learnt a great deal, though the third and fourth volumes which
were more technical, I could not get access to until sometime later.

This, I hope, will give our younger members encouragement in carrying out
this study. If we had had such works as Comstock's Manual and Mrs. Comstock's
" How to Know the Butterflies," they would have been treasures indeed..

My acquaintance with Dr. Saunders led to our talking over matters from time
to time, and we resolved to try and get entomologists in Canada acquainted with
each other. By the aid of correspondence we got together the names of thirty-six
people in Canada who took some interest in entomology. The list was published
with addresses in the "Canadian Naturalist and Geologist," Volume VII, pages
199-201, Montreal, June, 1862. "We thought the time had arrived to hold a meet-
ing. We issued invitations to meet in Toronto at the residence of Prof. Croft, the
autam?i of 1862, but only ten were able to come. We discussed the question of
forming a Society, but the matter was postponed until the following spring, be-
cause it was thought that the members present were too few to be considered re-
presentative. We then called another meeting which was held on the 16th of April,
1863, in the rooms of the Canadian Institute in Toronto. There were only twelve
present, but we had letters from several others and so we decided to ffo on. A con-
stitution was adopted and the society was named The Entomological Society of
Canada. The members at that meeting were : Prof. Croft, D.C.L., who was elected
President; the Rev. Prof. W. Hincks, F.L.S., who acted as Chairman; Dr. Sangster,
Principal of the Normal School in Toronto and publisher of various school books
that were in use throughout this Province, one in use for many years was called
Sangster's Arithmetic. Mr. J. Hubbert, a Divinity student at Knox's College,

1914 E]SrTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 39

Toronto, and who was our first Curator; Dr. Cowdry, an Englishman, who had
come to Canada some years before, was present, and his son, Mr. N. H. Cowdry,
whose letter has been read to-day, was with him. Dr. Saunders, of course, was
there and was elected Secretary-Treasurer; Dr. Beverley E. Morris, who left Can-
ada soon afterwards and returned to England where he became editor of a popular
journal on natural history. Mr. E. Baynes Eeed of London was unable to come to
the meeting, but was at the previous one, and thus was one of the original mem-
bers. This means that there are four of the original members still alive: Dr.
Saunders, Mr. Baynes Eeed, Mr. Cowdry, and myself. It is certainly somewhat
remarkable that out of that small gathering there should be four still alive after
a lapse of fifty years. I may mention that the week after this meeting I was mar-
ried and went to England, and was absent from this country for a year and a half.
During my visit to England I came to know Dr. Francis Walker of the British
Museum, who was extremely kind to me, and other entomologists whose names are
still well known.

On my return from England Dr. Saunders was elected President, and I was
made Secretary-Treasurer of the Society, and held that office for some years. So
matters went on until the year 1868. I was then living at Erindale, about 20 miles
west of Toronto, and h